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A MANUAL OF MISSIONS; 



OR, 



■WITH 

MAPS, SHOwma the stations, 

AND 

STATISTICS OF PEOTESTANT MISSIONS AMONG UNEYANGELIZED NATIONS. 



BY JOHN C: LOW R IE, 

ONE OF THE SECRETARIES OF THE BOARD OF FOREIGN MISSIONS OF THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. 



I^EW YOEK: 
ANSON D. F. RANDOLPH, 683 BROADWAY. 

1854. 








Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1854, in the Clerk's Office of the District CourJ 
of the United States, for the Southern District of New York. 



E. 0, JENKINS, PEINTBR & STEREOTTPER, 
i:^ Nassau Street, Nefn gorft. 



CONTENTS. 



INTEODTJCTION. 

TAGS 

The Missionary Work widely extended — Some ask, "To what purpose is 
tliis waste ?" — In reply, consider — i. The Origin of the Missionary Cause — ii. 
The Commandme'nt of our Lord — iii, The Example of the Primitive Church — 
Iv. The Benevolent Nature of the Christian Religion — v. The Spiritual Condition 
of Men without the Gospel — vi. The Events of Providence in our Day — vii 
The Seal of the Holy Spirit — viii. The Certainty of final Success, - - - 5 

THE BOAED OF FOEEIGN MISSIONS. 
Example of the early Christians — The best kind of Missionary Organization — 
The Board, a Standing Committee of the General ABSemWy — Executive Duties 
and Arrangements — Financial Matters — Mission House, Library, and Museum. 9 

MISSIONS AMONG THE INDIAN TRIBES. 
The Indians of our day, two classes — "Weas — lowas and Sacs — Chippewas 
and Ottawas — Creeks — Choctaws — Otoes and Omahawa — Seminoles — Chicka- 
saws — Boarding-school system — Example of the good Influence of these Mis- 
sions, --•-...--......15 

• 

MISSIONS IN -WESTERN AFEICA. 
Brief Survey of Africa— Western Africa— Population — Condition of theNa. 
lives — Causes changing this condition: the armed Squadrons; Sierra Leone; 
Liberia; Commerce; above all, the Gospel — Climate — Missions in Liberia — 
Mission on Corisco, -..-.-....-.-26 



MISSIONS IN NORTH INDIA. 

Pi 
General Account of India and the Hindus — Religion ; Transmigration ; Caste ; 

Character of Hinduism — Political Relations — Causes overturning Idolatry — 

Sketch of the Missions — Preaching, statedly, on Journeys, and at Melas — 

The Press — Schools — Happy Deaths of Converts, 

MISSION IN 8IAM. 

Brief Description of the Country and People — Government — Budhist Reli- 
gion — Account of the Mission; Singular Exigency in its Affairs ; Happy Change; 
Work in progress — The King of Siam, ........ 

MISSIONS IN CHINA. 



84 



46 






The largest Field of modem Missions — The Country, Population, and Civih'za- 
tlon of China — Three Religious Systems, Confucianism, Taonism, and Budhism 
— The door long closed now open; wonderful Events in progress — Sketch of 
the Missions; Printing on metallic Types; Conversion of an aged Idolater — Mis- 
sion to the Chinese in California — Large Emigration of Chinese may be expected, 50 

MISSIONS TO ROMAN CATHOLICS. 
The Province of the Board includes all the Work of Foreign Missions — Rea- 
sons for Evangelical Missions among Romanists — Method of Proceeding — What 
has been done — Greater Efforts should be made, 5T 

MISSION TO THE JEWS. 

The Jews, foreigners everywhere — Pccollar Qualifloations required by mlssion- 

3 



CONTENTS. 



aries Sketch of the Mission — The Jews, when converted, Missionaries in every 

Land, .-•>-■••■---------- 



59 



TTNEVANGELIZED COTTNTEIES. 
Countries and Tribes yet nnenlightened by the Gospel— Indian Tribes— Span- 
ish American States — "West Indies — Africa — Asia — Islands of the Sea — Eo- 
manists and Greeks '— Summary Yiew of the Eeligions of Mankind, - - 61 

STATISTICS OF PEOTESTANT MISSIONS. 
Light dawning — Object of this Paper; difflcnlty in obtaining uniforra and 
exact Eeturns ; AuthoritleB cited — Statistics of Indian Missions — Missions in the 
"West Indies — Spanish America — Africa, North and East — Africa, South — 
Africa, Western— Asia, "Western — Asia, India and Ceylon — Asia, Burmah and 
8iam Asia, China — Islands in the China Seas and the Pacific — Tabular State- 
ment List of Missionaries, classified according to leading Denominations, -' - 65 



MAPS. 

PAGE 

I. II. The "World, FBOiraispiEOB. 

IIL Indian Tribes, -.... 15 

IV. Africa, .....26 

V. India and Siam, --...-......34 

TL China, 60 

View of the Mission House, ......13 

APPENDIX. 

last of Missionaries among the Indian Tribes, -...-. -72 

General Statement of Eeceipts, - - - ...... .73 



*** The peculiar form of this book has been chosen, in order to admit the Maps unfolded. 



INTRODUCTION. 



« aCjjj) Itfnsftrom come ! " 



The work of Christian Missions has become one of the marked fea- 
tures of this age. The larger bodies of Christians, and many of the 
smaller, have their missionary stations in various parts of the world. 
Large sums of money are expended for the support of missionaries, the 
establishment of schools, and the printing of the Holy Scriptures. Hun- 
dreds of men of superior education, and their wives, women of refined 
manners and cultivated minds, have gone to live among the Indians 
of our western forests, the Negroes and the Hottentots of Africa, the 
Hindus and the Chinese, the Feejeeans and others in the islands of the 
sea ;— they and their families are found living far from their early 
homes, in unfriendly climes, amongst rude and debased tribes, and pa- 
tiently laboring year after year to instruct the ignorant, and convert 
the depraved and degraded people around them. This stands out to 
public view. 

Some observers see aU this without sympathy, and some venture even 
to condemn the conduct of these missionaries and their supporters at 
home. " To what purpose is this waste ? Why should the labors of so 
many superior men and women be lost to their friends and their own 
people?" 

In reply, some of the grounds on which the Church is led to sup- 
port the cause of missions may be very briefly stated. These will 
appear if we consider, — 

I. The Origin of the Missionary Cause. — This we ascribe to no- 
thing lower nor later than the eternal love and purpose of God. The 
world perishing in its sin against himself was before the mind of God from 
eternity. Every human being, sinful, lost, and hopeless, like the apos- 



tate angels, was known unto God from the beginning. All the dreadful 
darkness, wickedness, and wretchedness that should abound amongst 
fallen men, which if unrestrained would make the earth to be but the 
vestibule of hell itself, — all these God foresaw before the world was 
made. The wickedness of men makes it necessary that judgments 
should fall upon the earth, yet still the purpose of God towards our 
fallen world was from eternity full of grace. And from the divine coun- 
sels proceeds the only salvation of lost sinners. To accomplish this, God 
" spared not his own Son, but freely gave him up." " For God so loved 
the world that he gave his only-begotten Son to die, that whosoever 
believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life." In this 
we " know the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, that though he was rich, 
for our sakes he became poor, that we through his poverty might be rich." 
The invitation is now sent forth, among the Heathen, Mohammedans, 
Jews, and all others, " Look unto me and be ye saved, all the ends of 
the earth." He that believeth shall be saved ; he that believeth not is 
condemned already. The Church has been established among men, and 
her ministers and members have received the means of grace for their 
own salvation, and as trustees for those who are destitute. Freely they 
have received ; freely they must give. Their agency in this work is 
contemplated in the divine purpose. Angels might have been em- 
ployed as missionaries, but this was not the will of God. His purpose 
to save his people was to be fulfilled by the agency of redeemed sin- 
ners. 

This was the origin of the missionary work. It is not of human de- 
vising. It is not of this world. It is not of time. It is of God, from 



6 



INTRODUCTION 



everlasting. Its progress among men is by the grace and power of 
God. And hence its final issue is a matter of certainty, and its triumph 
shall be to the glory of God, in this world and in everlasting ages. 

n. The Commandment of oue Lord. — " Jesus came and spake unto 
them, saying, All power is given unto me in heaven and in earth. 
Go ye, therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of 
the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost : teaching them 
to observe all things whatsoever I have commanded you. And lo, I 
am with you alway, even unto the end of the world." Matt, xxviii. 
18-20 ; Mark xvi. 15 ; Luke xxiv. 47. 

The permanent obligation of this commandment is clearly shown by 
its own nature. While any nation or even any human being is unac- 
quainted with the gospel, this law remains in full force. The promise 
accompanying it also shows its permanent authority. The promise of 
the Saviour's presence is inseparable from the commandment. How 
then can the Church, or the ministers of the gospel, expect the ful- 
filment of this most precious promise of our Lord, while neglecting 
the duty with which it is connected ? 

To show how lamentably this commandment has been hitherto neg- 
lected by the Church — " Let us imagine that instead of the world, a single 
country had been pointed out by our Lord as the field of action. And 
since we are most familiar with our own land, let us just suppose that 
the particular country specified was the United States :* and that in- 
stead of the command to go forth and preach the gospel to every crea- 
ture, the order had been to go through all the parts of this country 
and preach the gospel to every inhabitant. I find that on a scale 
which would make the population of the United States represent that 
of the world, the population of the city of New York might be taken 
as a sufficiently accurate representation of our own country. 

" In order then to have a just picture of the present state of the 
world, only conceive that all who had received the above commission, 
somehow or other, had contrived to gather themselves together within 
the limits of this single city. Imagine to yourselves all the other parts 

* This striking qnotation is taken from the lamented IJrqnhart's Memoirs, with 
American names snhatltnted for English. 



of the state of New Tork, and all the other portions of this widely 
extended confederacy, immersed in heathen darkness ; and that by these 
Christians, who had so unaccountably happened to settle down together 
in one little spot, no effort "was made to evangelize the rest of the land 
except by collecting a little money, and sending forth a few men," — and 
you have a true but sad picture of what Christians are now doing for 
the spread of the gospel in the world at large. 

HI. The Example op the Primitive Church. — Hardly any thing 
was more characteristic of the early Christians than the missionary 
spirit. They evidently understood our Lord's commandment as requir- 
ing them to spread the gospel everywhere in the world, and to do this 
in foreign countries without waiting until the work of evangelization 
was completed in their own. They were to begin at Jerusalem, and 
thence to go forth amongst all nations, preaching repentance and for- 
giveness of sin in the name of Jesus Christ. See the example, particu- 
larly, of one of the earliest churches, if not the first, organized among 
the gentiles. The disciples were first called Christians in Antioch, and 
the church in that city sent forth two of the most eminent ministers, 
Paul and Barnabas, on an extended foreign missionary expedition. 
This was done while the church itself was few in numbers, feeble in 
resources, in the midst of a heathen city, no doubt actively engaged in 
home missionary labors, but yet willing to make sacrifices for those 
perishing in the regions beyond the limits of Antioch or of Syria. This 
was the spirit which animated the Church in the purest age of her history, 
and this was the secret of her power at home and abroad. She watered 
the fields of others, and God watered her own gardens. She scattered, 
and yet increased. The faith, and love, and devotedness of her own 
members were strengthened by their missionary labors. The examples 
of apostolic missionaries reacted upon the churches, making her mem- 
bers apostolic. The death of devoted laborers in the spread of the 
gospel, called other laborers into the harvest. And the work advanced 
with power, 

IV. The Benevolent Nature of the Christian Relioion. — It 
prompts us to love our neighbor as ourselves ; to do to others as wc 
would have others to do unto us ; to do good unto all men as we have 
opportunity. The influence of divine grace on the heart is the very 



INTRODUCTION 



opposite of every tHng selfish ; it is diffusive and evangelistic. It 
leads us to pity them tliat sit in darkness and the shadow of death. 
It constrains us to carry or send the gospel with all its blessings to 
every creature. 

Y. The Spiritual Condition of Men without the Gospel. — This 
is truly deplorable. Ignorance, superstition, and depravity, — almost 
all kinds of evU, — abound in countries where the light of the Sun of 
righteousness does not shine. Under afflictions their inhabitants are 
destitute of support, and in death they are without hope. This is stated 
with solemnity. Some think the heathen will be saved without the gos- 
pel. They certainly will not be condemned for rejecting a Saviour of 
whom they have never heard ; they will be judged according to the light 
which they enjoyed. Eom. i. 20 ; ii. 12-15. But " without holiness no 
man shall see the Lord." With hearts depraved, and living in sin to the 
very end of life, on what grouod can we expect their salvation ? God 
may, indeed, extend salvation to sinners without the means of grace ; 
he does this, in the case of those who are saved in infancy, and of 
such as received immediate revelations from heaven before the writ- 
ten word was given. But the sacred Scripture shows that salvation 
is now extended to adult men only through Jesus Christ, and through 
the means of grace. Thus it is written, " Whosoever shall call on 
the name of the Lord shall be saved. How then shall they call on 
him in whom they have not believed ? And how shall they believe in 
him of whom they have not heard ? And how shall they hear with- 
out a preacher ? . . . So then faith cometh by hearing, and hearing 
by the word of God." Eom. x. 13, 14, 17. 

VI. The Events of Peovidence in oue Day. — These point in the 
line of Christian Missions. The changes among the nations of the earth 
within the last twenty years have removed many barriers to the spread 
of the gospel, and opened doors which had been closed for centuries. 
The wonderful progress of commerce is tributary to the progress of 
missions. The steam printing-press, the steam railway-coach, the ocean 
steam-ship, and the electric telegraph, are all servants of the God of 
missions, and tend greatly to promote the interests of the missionary 
work. Christian and pagan nations are now brought into close rela- 
tionship. The British and the Hindus live under the same laws. Our 



countrymen and the Chinese are meeting on the shores of the Pacific ; 
the Chinese themselves are moved by a strange revolution, looking 
towards Christianity. Africa can be reached with ease from Liver- 
pool or New York. Multitudes of Roman Catholics are seeking their 
homes in countries where the Bible is an open book. 

VII. The Seal of the Holy Spirit. — " If this work be of men, it 
will come to naught ; but if it be of God," it cannot be overthrown. No 
more decisive proofs of the favor of Heaven have been given to any cause 
than to that of foreign missions, by the gracious work of the Holy Spirit. 
Souls have been converted in every mission. The power of Budhism, 
Brahmanism, and Fetichism, has been broken in many instances. The 
False Prophet and the Papal Anti-Christ have both been compelled to 
yield their subjects to the missionary, to be led to Jesus Christ for sal- 
vation. Converts in large numbers among the Indian tribes, in Africa, 
Asia, and the islands of the sea, have adorned their Christian profession 
by an exemplary life, and many have died in the faith and hope of the 
gospel. The concluding chapter of this volume gives encouraging 
returns of church-members in different missionary lands. 

Vni. The Certainty of final Success. — For this, the Church relies 
on the word of God. " The earth shall be full of the knowledge of the 
Lord, as the waters cover the sea." "All nations whom thou hast 
made shall come and worship before thee, Lord ; and shall glorify 
thy name." " Until the fulness of the Gentiles be brought in ; and so 
all Israel shall be saved." These are examples of prophetic language 
concerning the prevalence of the kingdom of our Lord and Saviour, 
Jesus Christ. With these predictions in view, no Christian can doubt 
the final issue of the contest now waging in the world between the 
powers of darkness and of light. Nor can any reasonable doubt be 
entertained concerning the success of the measures now commonly em- 
ployed by the Church in the missionary work, as tending to the general 
diffusion of Christianity. These measures are the same, substantially, 
in unenlightened as in Christian lands. The simple story of the cross, 
the preaching of Christ and him crucified, is the main characteristic 
of the work of missions in modern as in ancient times. All Protestant 
missionaries "preach Christ crucified, unto the Jews a stumbling- 
block, and unto the Greeks foolishness ; but unto them which are called, 



8 



INTRODUCTION 



both Jews and Greeks, Christ the power of God and the wisdom of 
God." The success of this apostolic preaching will become more 
marked in coming ages, until aU nations are converted unto God. We 
know no other means of success ; we look for no other dispensation of 
grace ; the outpouring of the Holy Spirit, as on the day of Pentecost, 
shall be witnessed in every place where the gospel is preached ; and 
the long ages of the one thousand years, each measured in prophetic 
time, shall bring forth their myriads of truly Christian people. Then 
shall our Redeemer " see of the travail of his soul, and be satisfied." 

On grounds like these does the Church of Christ proceed in her mis- 
sionary work. Her faith is in God, and in the power of his grace. 
Inspired by this view, and sustained by the presence of the Saviour, 
her sons and daughters go forth as missionaries. They labor in various 
fields, with various success, enduring manifold privations, for longer or 
shorter days ; and then they go to their rest. But their works do fol- 
low them. Their noemory is dear to the Church. Nations now hear 
then shall in future ages bless their names. The Saviour will give to 



them a crown of life. And in the heavenly glory, they will evermore 
rejoice that they were counted worthy to be missionaries of the cross. 



This Manual, it is hoped, will be acceptable to many of the friends 
of missions. It has been prepared chiefly for the use of those who 
have not had an opportunity of becoming acquainted with the fields 
of labor occupied by the Presbyterian Church. It is not a history of 
these missions. ; the time for writing this has not yet come. Most of 
the missionaries are yet among the living, and long may their lives be 
spared! Their labors, moreover, have been but lately commenced. 
The aim of the author has been simply to embody such information 
in this little work as would be likely to prove useful and convenient 
for reference. The pecuniary avails of his labor are devoted to the 
missionary cause. 

The last two chapters have been added at the suggestion of a valued 
friend, to whom this book is otherwise much indebted. 

New Tork, April, 1854. 



♦f 



THE BOAED OF FOPiEICtN MISSIONS 



•*Slet all tijtnfls he ttone Becentls antt fn ortiec." 



The New Testament contains frequent accounts of the missionary 
labors of the early Christians, which go to show that they acted 
together in this work. They considered it the common and great work 
of the Church, in which all its members, clerical and lay, male and 
female, were called to take a part. Pecuniary gifts were made and 
missionaries sent forth in aid of this cause. Whatever part individuals 
might perform, each in his own sphere, it seems to be evident that, 
under some simple method of organization, the early Christians were 
united in their efforts to preach the gospel to every creature. And 
from some things in the sacred narrative, we infer that their proceedings 
were either directly or indirectly under the supervision of their church 
courts. In the first age of Christianity, we may believe, the work of 
missions was the work of the Church. Acts xiii. 1-4, and xiv. 27. 

Whatever may have been the practice of the first Christians in this 
matter, it appears to be manifestly expedient that Christians of the 
present age should carry forward the missionary work under some kind 
of organization. In union there is strength ; isolated and individual 
efforts are commonly feeble, and liable to interruption. Without some 
common channel for the waters, many a pm'c stream could never reach 
the sea ; many sincere disciples could do little but pray for the spread 
of the gospel, if there were no common method of receiving and ex- 
pending their offerings. 

The missionary work, however, is great. It embraces the unevan- 



gelized nations, of whatever country. It includes every good method 
of planting and building up the Church. Its object is simple and grand, 
but the means it employs to achieve this object are varied, according 
to the various gifts of the laborers, and the differing circumstances of 
unevangelized people. The followers of Christ, moreover, are living 
in different countries. A universal missionary institution could be 
conducted only on the plan of concentrating the whole power in the 
hands of a few men, who would be virtually irresponsible to their 
brethren. The fallen Church of Eome is the only body that attempts 
to carry forward missions by such an organization, and her success does 
not invite imitation. Even when Christians live in the same country, 
though delightfally one in spirit and in purpose, they embrace different 
views of doctrinal and ecclesiastical questions. Their harmony and 
efficiency at home would not be promoted by their fusion into one 
denomination, neither would their missionary labors abroad be more 
effective by being placed under the charge of a common Society. 
Questions about the mode and subjects of baptism, the use of ruling 
elders in the Church, not to instance purely doctrinal points, present 
themselves as readily at a missionary station, when the gospel begins 
to bring forth fruit in the conversion of souls, as they do in a Christian 
land ; and if the missionaries hold conflicting opinions on these questions, 
the peace and prosperity of their infant churches are likely to be 
seriously injured. 



lO 



MANUAL OF MISSIONS- 



It is best for each large body of Christians to have their own mis- 
sionary organization ; and the simpler this can be made, the better. 
Its form must depend in some degree on the distinctive institutions and 
customs of the denomination : the prevailing views of Church govern- 
ment in each body will materially influence the form of missionary move- 
ment. On the Independent theory, which considers every particular 
church as sustaining no relations to other churches, excepting those of 
Christian fellowship, it would be difficult to frame a Missionary Society 
on a plan that would secure direct responsibility to the churches as 
churches. This form of church government provides no common court 
of appeal, no general superintending body. Eecourse must be had to 
some kind of associated action separate from the churches, or not eccle- 
siastical ; and reliance must be placed mainly on the public opinion 
of the denomination for a satisfactory administration of its affairs. 
The Methodist, Episcopal, and Presbyterian denominations have their 
respective peculiarities, also, and it would»be easy to show how these 
have affected the question of missionary polity. 

A Society may be denominational, and yet not ecclesiastical, — sup- 
ported exclusively by the members of some one denomination, sending 
forth only missionaries of its order, and yet not amenable to its eccle- 
siastical authorities, but to those persons only who contribute to its 
funds. In some conditions of the Church, this form may be expedient, 
and, indeed, the only one practicable ; as where the prevailing state of 
feeling is hostile to missions. lu the Presbyterian Church, it should 
be acknowledged with gratitude, no expedient of this kind is needful. 
The duty of Christian missions is commonly recognized, and it is found 
quite practicable to frame a missionary organization agreeing with 
and amenable to its general Church organization. In this way the 
opportunity is offered to all its members to promote the missionary work, 
with the same free choice in action, the same safeguards for truth and 
order, the same responsibility to ecclesiastical control, the same immense 
power resulting from oneness of views, purity of doctrines, and the 
indwelling of the Spirit of Christ, the spirit of missions, — precisely 
the same abroad, as at home ; in the Presbytery of Lodiana as in the 
Presbytery of New York. 

It is not the object, however, of this paper to discuss the question 



of the best method of superintending the missionary work ; and for 
information respecting the origin of the Board, I would refer the 
reader to tie late venerable Dr. Ashbel Green's Historical Sketch of 
Presbyterian Missions.* Those who have read this little volume will 
need no recommendation of its merits ; to others, it may be commended 
as a lucid and weU-written compend of information, and invaluable as 
a book of reference. 

Before surveying the missionary fields and missions of the Presby- 
terian Church, it may gratify some readers, if we show in what way 
the Board, under whose charge these missions are placed, fuMs its 
sacred trust. 

The Board consists of sixty ministers, and as many laymen, whose 
term of office is four years. Its members are appointed by the General 
Assembly, one fourth part each year. To them is " intrusted, with 
such directions as may from time to time be given, the superintendence 
of the foreign missionary operations of the Presbyterian Church in 
the United States of America ;" and they are required to " make 
annually to the General Assembly a report of their proceedings ; and 
submit for its approval such plans and measures as may be deemed use- 
ful and necessary." The Board is, therefore, simply a Standing Com- 
mittee of the General Assembly, and the title of Committee would 
have more clearly indicated its relations to that venerable court. For 
convenience in holding certain real estate and in the transaction of 
some kinds of business, a charter has been obtained for the Board 
under a general law of the State of New York, with the same title 
precisely as designated by the General Assembly, "The Board of 
Freign Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of 
America." This charter is not a close but an open one, and the mem- 
bers of the incorporated body are the same persons, and no others, 
who are appointed as members of the Board by the General Assem- 
bly. 

The Board appoints annually an Executive Committee and the Ex- 
ecutive Officers. On these devolves the immediate charge of the mis- 

* A Historical Sketch, or Compendious View of Domestic and Foreign Missions in 
the Presbyterian Church. By Ashbel Green, D.D. Philadelphia: William S. Martien. 
1838. 



BOARD OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. 



11 



sionary work. Weekly meetings are held by the Committee, at which 
every thing relating to the interests of the missionary cause at home and 
abroad may be brought under consideration. The selection of mission- 
ary fields, the appointment of missionaries, the kinds of labor in each 
country and at each station, the measures suitable for promoting an 
interest in the missionary work among the churches at home, receive 
continued and careful attention. Most of these are matters of deep 
importance. They require the exercise of enlarged views and the most 
sober judgment. A general acquaintance with the missionary field, 
and with the history of missions, and a particular knowledge of the 
missionary work under the charge of the Board, are required for the 
proper decision of questions that occur from time to time. An appli- 
cation for funds to build a missionary chapel, or a request for appoint- 
ment as a missionary or teacher, may easily bring under consideration 
the whole subject of the best method of expending missionary fands. 
in view both of the exigences of the various missions and the amount 
of moneys at the disposal of the Committee. 

The appointment of missionaries is one of the most important of 
these duties. In making appointments the Committee must rely very 
much on recommendations of pastors, instructors, and others. They 
are anxious to send forth only those who have been called to this work 
by the Head of the Church. As a part of the evidence of this divine 
call, they must take into consideration the qualifications of the appli- 
cant. His reputation for piety, prudence, and zeal, his talents and 
scholarship, his health and its adaptation to particular climates, are all 
matters of great moment. Qualifications of a superior class are great- 
ly to be desired ; but men of respectable talents, with good judgment 
and habits of industry and energy, all under the control of humble, 
loving, and devoted piety, may be very useful in most missionary fields. 
It may well be doubted whether it is expedient to send out men whose 
qualifications are not fuUy equal to the average attainments of the 
ministers of the churches in this country. A rule was adopted by the 
Board, at the request of the Executive Committee, that no ordained 
minister should be sent to a foreign field, without the recommendation 
of his Presbytery. This places the responsibility of deciding on the 
qualifications of missionaries, to a large degree, on the Presbyteries ; 



and it should go far to secui-e the right kind of men. But the nature 
of the work itself, and the sacrifices which it involves, wOl always fur- 
nish presumptive evidence that the brethren who offer as volunteers 
to engage in it are men worthy of confidence and honor. 

The missionaries become members of the Presbyteries which have 
been organized in their respective fields of labor, and all ecclesiastical 
matters are transacted as is usual in these church courts. With these, 
the Committee do not interefere, unless by Christian counsel at the 
request of the missionaries. Financial and other business matters 
are transacted with the missionaries, not as Presbyteries, but as mis- 
sions or sub-committees ; and as a general rule it is expedient to leave 
local details as far as possible in their hands. The general super- 
vision must, from the nature of the case, be reserved to the Commit- 
tee. This is particularly necessary in the expenditure of the funds 
devoted to missionary purposes. Estimates are sent up, embracing the 
various kinds of vvork in each mission — the sum desired for the support 
of missionaries and native assistants, for building churches, chapels, or 
schoolhouses, for schools, for the press, &c., being separately stated. 
In forming these estimates, the missions proceed upon the expenses of 
the preceding year as a basis, with such enlargement or diminution 
as may be called for by their circumstances and prospects. With 
estimates from all the missions before them, the Committee then appor- 
tion to each such part of the probable receipts of the Board as the 
wants of each mission appear to require. The probable income to 
be thus apportioned is itself a matter of estimate, founded upon the 
income of the preceding year, and the hope of enlarged contributions 
by the churches to this cause. In the proper fulfilment of their trust in 
these financial matters, the Committee are called to exercise their matuvest 
judgment. Errors or mistakes here would involve the whole work in 
serious difficulties. Were expenditures to be authorized without a strict 
regard to the probable means of payment, a debt would soon be created, 
embarrassing alike to friends at home and to the missionaries abroad. 
On the other hand, it is no easy matter to withhold aid which is urgently 
solicited, and which the churches are so well able to give. 

The arrangements of the Board for the receipt and expenditure of 
the funds committed to its charge for the missionary worl'C, are thoronghiy 



13 



MANUAL OF MISSIONS. 



business-like and satisfactory. Every donation, though as small in 
amount as the widow's two mites, can be traced in its course from the 
time it leaves its donor's hands, and for every doUar expended a satis- 
factory exhibit can be shown — all bebg on record in books kept for 
the purpose. Youchers are preserved for all moneys expended. It is 
believed that nothing has been at any time lost through want of up- 
rightness or fidelity. Errors of judgment there may have been, and a 
consequent injudicious expenditure of money in some cases. To 
acknowledge this is but to concede that the Executive Committee and 
Officers are far from being infallible in judgment. But it is no small 
thing to be able to say, that in twenty years, out of an expenditure 
amounting altogether to more than a million and a half of dollars, 
nothing has been lost through want of fidelity on the part of those 
who were charged with its disbursement. The further merit of econo- 
my in the administration of the funds of the Board may be justly 
claimed, and is shown, amongst other ways, by the low per centage of 
cost for executive services. 

In the transmission of moneys for the support of the missionary work 
abroad, different methods are adopted for missions in different coun- 
tries. To the missions among the Indian tribes, a large amount of 
" supplies" — various articles of clothing, groceries, books, &c., — are for- 
warded. These can be purchased at much lower rates in our cities 
than in the Indian country. For articles purchased in the neighborhood 
of these missionary stations, payments are conunonly made by drafts 
drawn by the Treasurer or Superintendent of the mission on the Trea- 
surer in New York. In the African missions, particularly at Oorisco, 
money is less convenient than some kinds of merchandise, and accord- 
ingly supplies are sent from this country. To the missions in India, 
Siam, and China, supplies are seldom sent, and only when ordered ; 
and money is remitted, commonly by letters of credit. The Trea- 
surer goes down into Wall street, and engages a letter of credit for, 
say, five hundred pounds sterling ; on which letter, bills of exchange 
may be drawn, payable in London at four or six months after sight. 
This letter of credit is forwarded to the Treasurer of the mission, and 
bills are sold by him at the prevailing rates. The purchaser sends 
the bin to London, where it arrives in some five or six months after 



the time when it was obtained in Wall street, and four or six months 
must still elapse, after it is presented for acceptance by the parties on 
whom it is drawn, before it becomes payable by the Treasurer of the 
Board, making altogether ten or twelve months from its date in New 
York. As the Board must in due time pay this draft, it has been the 
good practice of the Committee to authorize, at the time of engaging 
the letter of credit, the investment upon ample securities of money 
bearing interest, so as to be in no danger of not being prepared to take 
it up when it becomes due. In this way, not only is safety secured, 
but the interest gained in the meantime on the money invested serves 
to reduce the cost of the bill, or, iu other words, to diminish the expense 
of remitting funds to the missions. When the fluctuations of com- 
merce, war, or any other cause render it difficult to seU bills of exchange 
in India or China, it then becomes necessary to send out silver. This 
must be bought, sometimes at a premium, and it is subject to expense 
for freight and insurance, while on the voyage it is earning no interest ; 
so that this kind of remittance is seldom a desirable one. 

The business of the Board is transacted mainly in the city of New 
York. This city has become the chief foreign port of the country, 
and possesses many advantages for sending forth missionaries, remitting 
funds, and foreign correspondence. No other city in this country 
affords equal facilities for these purposes. The decision to establish the 
business head-quarters of the Board in this city was therefore a mea- 
sure of obvious propriety. Almost the only drawback to the desira- 
bleness of this location grows out of the great cost of living in New 
York. This renders a somewhat large outlay necessary for the salaries 
of the Executive Officers. The amount paid by the Board, however, 
has thus far at no time equalled the actual expenses incurred by them 
for their support. 

For offices, the liberality of a few friends, in addition to the collec- 
tions made in some of the churches in 1842, has provided the Mission 
House, in Centre street. The place at first occupied as an office was 
a room in the Brick Church Chapel, in partnership with another bene- 
volent institution. This was soon found to be quite too confined a 
place, and two rooms were taken on the third floor of a building at 
the corner of Broadway and Murray street. The growing business of 



BOARD OF FOREIQN MISSIONS. 



13 



the Board and the inconvenience of these rooms led to another change, 
and a part of a house was rented in City Hall Place, where the ofiSce 




was held for some years. These rooms, however, were not well suited 
to the use of the Board ; and the plan of renting an office was found 



to be expensive, and attended with the risk of change and other serious' 
inconveniences. It is therefore a most happy thing that a house con- 
veniently situated, well lighted, sufficiently large, and planned for .its 
special use, is now owned by the Board. Its offices are rent-free, and 
are better suited to its purposes than rented rooms at almost any cost. 

In the Mission House, besides the Treasurer's and Secretaries' offices, 
there are apartments for packing and storing goods to be sent to the 
missions. These occupy the basement story. When several missionary 
families are about to sail, their trunks, boxes, parcels, articles of fur- 
niture, &c., fill up these apartments, often to an uncomfortable degree ; 
and both the economy and the convenience of these rooms become 
quite apparent. To rent suitable places for such purposes, when mis- 
sionaries are preparing to embark, would always be attended with much 
expense, and might often be found impracticable. 

The rooms devoted to the Museum, in the third story, contain a rare 
variety of idol gods and goddesses, from India, Siam, China, Africa, 
and other heathen countries, besides numerous other objects of interest. 
This collection is gradually increasing in extent and value, and is 
worthy of attention by the friends of missions. Yisitors are admitted 
at any time, on application to the officers or clerks in the House. 

A large room is occupied by the Library. The books here collected 
number about 2000 volumes, mostly relating directly or indirectly 
to the work of missions. They include numerous translations of the 
Sacred Scriptures, Dictionaries and Grammars of foreign languages, 
Reports and Periodicals of Missionary Institutions in bound volumes. 
Memoirs of Missionaries, works on the Indians, on Africa, India, China, 
&c. They form a collection of very considerable value, and one which 
should be gradually enlarged. 

A number of works by Chinese authors occupy a recess in the 
same room. This is probably the only library of the kind in this 
country. It consists of about 1000 volumes, of which 400 are but 
one work, " The Twenty-Pour Histories ;" and another work, "A Uni- 
versal Encyclopadia," with maps, diagrams, and sketches, extends to 
120 volumes. " The Five Classics" number 104 volumes, and a second 
series, under a similar title, contains 22 volumes. These are all in octavo, 
as are works on Botany, Descriptions of particular districts, Accounts 



14= 



MANUAL OF MISSIONS, 



of kings and emperors, Dictionaries, &c., besides some works of smaller 
size. The ■n'hole collection gives a striking view of the extent of 
Chinese literature, and makes one sigh over the strange language which 
renders its stores inaccessible to most readers. Yet for reference these 
volumes may prove of great service. They were collected by the late 
lamented Mr. Olyphant, a merchant in the China trade, for some years 
a most valued member of the Executive Committee, and by his charac- 
teristic liberality they occupy a place in the Mission House Library. 

In other rooms are kept the bound volumes of Letters received at 
the missionary ofiBce. These are arranged according to date. AU from 
correspondents in this country are classified under Domestic, and those 
from the missionaries are placed under the head of the Missions. Thus, 
the volume labelled, " Domestic — January to June, 1853," includes the 
home letters received in those months ; and the volume labelled, " India 
Letters, Lodiana, 1847-51," contains the letters from the Lodiana Mis- 
sion in that time. Bach volume has an index, making reference easy. 
There are upwards of sixty of these thick volumes, and each year 



steadily increases the number. In addition to these are many volumes, 
consisting exclusively of letters relating to the Missionary Chronicle 
formerly published, and to the Foreign Missionary. The copies of 
letters sent from the office fiU several volumes more. And the Trea- 
surer's books of account, of various kinds, form still another class, 
second to none in their importance. A copy of every letter with re- 
mittances of money to the missions, and every letter containing remit- 
tances from the churches or individuals to the treasury, will be foimd 
among these volumes. 

Matters of business, which to some readers may seem to be without 
interest, have chiefly occupied this chgipter. But all will acknow- 
ledge their practical importance. The healthful action of all the mis- 
sions, and the confidence of the churches, alike depend largely on the 
efficient and responsible management of the pecuniary affairs of the 
Board. Yet these are but the scaffolding. The temple is every 
thinar. 



II. 



MISSIONS AMONG THE INDIAN TRIBES 



"SJes tjjat trtuell tn tjfte totltieriiesa ufiall Soto fiefore 2§tm." 



The Indians of our day may be divided into two classes, — ^those who 
are now partially civilized, and live in a somewhat settled state, and 
those who are yet savages. It is among the former that our missionary 
stations are chiefly found. Indeed, their partial civilization must be 
ascribed in no small measure to the influence of Christian missions.* 
These tribes are mostly the remnants of once powerful nations. Some 
of them are found in the western part of New York, others in Michi- 
gan, but the larger part live in the territory west of the Mississippi 
river, known as the Indian Eeservation. This Eeservation lies imme- 
diately west of the States of Arkansas and Missouri, between Eed 
river on the south and Platte river on the north — a territory about 
three hundred miles in breadth, by five hundred miles in length, from 
north to south. The General Government has set apart this country 
for the exclusive use of the Indians. It is of unequal fertility, but 
embraces a large amount of choice land, and it enjoys the great advan- 
tage of being penetrated or bordered by several noble rivers. Here 
are collected — ^beginning our enumeration at the south, and proceeding 
northward — Ohickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, Seminoles, Cherokees, Osa- 
ges, Wyandots, Potawatomies, Weas and Piankeshaws, Peorias and 

* For a valuable and interesting collection of evidence taken before a Committee of 
the British House of Commons, showing that Christian missions confer the greatest tem- 
poral benefits on the people amongst whom they are established, see a volume entitled, 
" Christianity the Means of Civilization." London, 183T. 



Kaskaskias, Ottawas and Chippewas, Shawnees, Kanzas, Delawares, 
Kickapoos, lowas, Foxes and Sacs, Otoes and Missouries. Immediately 
north of the Eeservation, the Omahas and other tribes have an uncer- 
tain abode. 

Most of the Indians in this Territory belong to tribes which former- 
ly lived on the eastern side of the Mississippi ; some of them in the 
Atlantic States. The Cherokees dwelt in Georgia ; the Choctaws, in 
JVfississippi ; the Creeks, partly in Alabama. The interests of the 
people of these States were supposed to require the removal of the 
Indians out of their bounds, a measure not to be justified on any other 
ground than that of stern necessity. It may weU be questioned whether 
this plea should have been admitted. The happy working of a Chris- 
tian policy towards the Indians has been shown in the State of Michi- 
gan, where laws were passed by the Legislature to facilitate their 
becoming citizens. This humane and enlightened policy has wrought 
no evil to the State, while it is gradually leading many of the Indians 
to become owners of small farms, and to support themselves and their 
families by honest industry. But these liberal views were not preva- 
lent at the period when the removal of the Cherokees and other south- 
ern tribes was enforced. The measure was carried through at the 
ui'gent instance of the States, by the power of the General Govern- 
ment, with as much humanity as the severe circumstances of the case 
would permit, but unquestionably with very great suffering to the poor 



16 



MANUAL OF MISSIONS. 



In'lians. Yet good has been brought out of this great evil. The 
Indians, in their new abodes, are under the protection of the General 
GoTernment, dwell in peace, and enjoy many opportunities of improve- 
ment. Considerable sums of money are paid to many of these tribes 
in annuities, as a compensation for the lands formerly held by them ; 
and these annuities are partly expended in the support of schools. 
Several of the tribes enjoyed the instructions of missionaries previous 
to their removal, and they are now fairly entered on the march of civil- 
ization. Their numbers are beginning to increase, which is a sure 
sign that they are becoming free from the wasting habits of savage 
life. 

Besides the partially civilized tribes in the Indian Territory, there 
are some small bands in the States of New York and Michigan, whose 
progress in the arts of peace may be rated at a similar grade. Some 
of the Indian families in New Mexico, particularly the Pueblos, live 
in a somewhat settled way ; and the Indians of California, it is believed, 
could be induced, by the adoption of suitable measures, involving some 
expense at first to the General Government, to group themselves on 
reservations of land, and under the care of missionaries to engage in 
the cultivation of the soil. It would cost infinitely less of money and 
of eSbrt to provide in this way for the civilization of those Indians, 
and thus to make them, useful citizens, than to employ a military force 
for their restraint or punishment. Which method of dealing with an 
ignorant heathen people by a great Christian nation would be most 
humane and praiseworthy, it requires no argument to show. 

The other general class of Indians are those who are yet addicted to 
the ways of savage life. Numerous tribes are still found ran^ng over 
the vast tracts of country l3ang east and west of the Rocky Mountains. 
These tribes differ greatly from each other; some, like the Caman 
ches, being numerous and fierce, living by war and violence as well as 
by the chase ; others, like the poor Rootniiggers, being objects, not of 
terror, but of pity. Amongst these wandering and savage tribes no 
missionary station is to be found. And it deserves serious considerar 
tion, whether any thing can be done for them. It must surely be 
expected that some way of carrying to them the story of the cross will 
be presented. The streams of emigration to Oregon and California are 



now flowing through these Indian hunting-grounds, and our country- 
men are in almost feverish expectation of railway travelling across the 
continent. May these signs of the times betoken the blessings of the 
gospel, carried by the churches of this land to these long-neglected 
tribes ! 

The fii'st Indian mission, commenced in 1833 by the Western Foreign 
Missionary Society, which was the germ of the Board of Foreign 
Missions of the Presbyterian Church, was established amongst the 
Weas, a small band, occupying a part of the Indian Territory, near 
its northern boundary. With this mission the Eev. Messrs. Joseph 
Kerr and Wells Bushnell, and their wives, were connected, and several 
male and female teachers. The Rev. William D. Smith had previously 
made an interesting exploring tour amongst the tribes on the Missouri, 
which led to the formation of the Wea mission. Encouraging success 
followed the labors of the missionaries ; a church was organized, and a 
number of native converts added to its communion ; but the mission 
was relinquished after a few years, partly on account of the failure of 
health and removal of some of the brethren, and chiefly because a 
mission had been afterwards formed by another denomination amongst 
a small neighboring and kindred band. As the number of Weas was 
but some two or three hundred, and their kinsmen were hardly more 
numerous, it was a measure of questionable propriety to form a sepa- 
rate mission among the latter band ; but this having been done, it then 
appeared to be inexpedient to maintain the Wea mission, and the 
laborers who had health to remain were transferred to the Iowa tribe. 
Some of the noblest examples of self-denying and faithful missionary 
labor, and some of the brightest displays of the power of divine grace, 
were witnessed in the brief history of the mission amongst this little 
tribe. 

The Indian missions of the Board are found now among the Chicka- 
saws, Choctaws, Creeks, and Seminoles, occupying the southern part 
of the Indian Territory ; the lowas and Sacs, near the northern part ; 
the Omahas and Otoes, in the vicinity of Council Bluffs, on the Mis- 
souri river ; and some bands of the Chippewas and Ottawas, on Grand 
and Little Traverse bays, Michigan. 

The Iowa aj^d Sac mission is the oldest on this list, having been 



MISSIONS AMONG THE INDIAN TRIBES- 



17 



formed in 1835. These Indians live near the northern boundary of the 
Indian Territory, and the river Missouri separates them from the white 
settlements. The lowas numbered about 1100 souls, and the Sacs 
500, when the mission was first commenced amongst them. Owing to 
the prevalence of intemperance, especially among the lowas, their 
numbers have been decreasing : only about 750 were enumerated in 
1847, and but 437 in 1853. Their vicinity to the settlements of white 
people has proved a serious drawback to their improvement. For 
several years the whiskey-trade was carried on with little restraint, and 
it is still too easy for the besotted Indians to cross over the river and 
seek their most deadly enemy. Amongst the demons of our race, a 
front rank must be assigned to the whiskey-traders on the borders of 
the white and Indian settlements. They have carried on their destruc- 
tive business in defiance of the laws of God and man, tempted by its 
enormous gains. An Indian has been known to exchange a good horse 
for a small keg of whiskey. The authorities of the Government have 
endeavored to prevent this demoralizing trafBc with the Indians, but it 
is a difiicult thing to restrict it. Its influence on the poor lowas has 
been most debasing. They are becoming fewer in number, dispirited and 
degraded. The Sacs are a more sober and industrious tribe, but they 
are equally indifferent to the gospel. 

The missionaries have prosecuted their work steadily in the face of 
great discouragements, and at times in the midst of serious perils to 
life, owing to the excitement and quarrels of the Indians under the 
influence of intoxicating liquor. When sober they regard the breth- 
ren as their best friends, and place the greatest confidence in them. 

Preaching and visiting from lodge to lodge have occupied much 
time and attention, but without much visible fruit. It would seem that 
but little good can be done to the adult part of these tribes. For the 
children, schools have been opened. For several years a day-school 
was maintained, attended by froln forty to fifty scholars. In 1846 a 
boarding-school was established, a large building having been erected 
for this purpose. In this school the number of scholars has been from 
thirty to forty. In this department of their work the missionaries 
find their chief encouragement. 

The language of the lowas was reduced to writing, a grammar pre- 



pared, a small printing-press set up in 1843, portions of the Scriptures 
translated, a hymn-book and some elementary books published. Efforts 
have not been largely extended in this line, however, as it is deemed 
more important to teach the children to read the English language. 
For a full account of the mission, the reader will consult the Annual 
Reports of the Board ; and these will convey a strong impression of 
the self-denial, industry, patience, and faith, with which the mission- 
aries have continued year after year in this discouraging field. Their 
labors have not been in vain. A few converts have been admitted to 
the church, one of whom finished her course in 1847, bemg supported 
by a good hope through grace. 

According to the Eeport of this year, 1854, this mission has one 
station, one ordained missionary, one male and three female assistant 
missionaries, twenty three boys and twenty one girls in boarduig-schools. 

Next in date is the Chippewa and Ottawa mission, which was 
commenced in 1838. Eeserving a somewhat full account of this suc- 
cessful mission for a later place in this paper, I will only give here the 
numerical statistics contained in the Report of this year, 1854. It 
has three stations, one ordained missionary, nine male and female as- 
sistant missionaries, a church embracing over thirty communicants, 
buildings and arrangements for a boarding-school completed, with 
forty-six scholars, and sixty scholars in day-schools. 

The MISSION AMONG THE Oekeks was commenced by the Rev. Robert 
M. Loughridge in 1842, under circumstances of peculiar interest ; and 
its progr*s has been marked by the favor of Heaven. The district 
of country occupied by the Creeks lies west of the State of Arkansas, 
in the Indian Territory, between the Choctaw district on the south, 
and the Cherokee on the north. Their number is over 20,000 souls. 
They are advancing in the knowledge of agriculture and the simpler 
mechanic arts. Missionaries had been stationed among them in for- 
mer years by several Societies, but they had been required to leave the 
Indian country by the chiefs ; and for some years previous to Mr. Lough- 
ridge's visit to them, this large tribe had been destitute of missionary 
laborers. Mr. Loughridge spent some months during the winter of 



18 



MANUAL OF MISSIONS- 



1841 and 1842 in the Creek couutry, visiting tlie leading cliiefs and 
the different settlements in the nation, and he thus gained their confi- 
dence and good-will. The result was a kind of treaty, a written agree- 
ment signed by both parties, giving him permission " to establish a 
mission at some suitable point, with a school, to be under the control 
of the mission ; but preaching to be only at the mission station, and 
the number of missionaries not to exceed four at the commencement ; 
the missionaries not to interfere with the government schools or the 
national affairs ; the chiefs to afford their countenance and protection, 
and the use of as much land as may be wanted for the mission families." 
The proviso concerning interference with their schools and public 
affairs was probably inserted with reference to the events of former 
years. 

Early in 1843, Mr. Loughridge with his wife reached the Indian 
country again, and met with a most cordial reception. A log-house 
was built for his family, and another for a school-house. The station 
was called Kowetah, and is twenty-five miles west of the eastern bound- 
ary, and eight miles from the northern. On the Sabbath, religious ser- 
vices were held, and a school was taught during the week ; the attend- 
ance at both, and the interest evinced in them, were encouraging. A 
boarding-school was commenced in 1845, at first with twenty scholars. 
A church was organized in January of the same year. A second sta- 
tion was formed at Tallahassee, sixteen miles east of Kowetah, in 1848, 
and a large building erected for a boarding-school. A day-school was 
opened at the Agency, two mUes east of Tallahassee, which was transfer- 
red to that station, and afterwards relinquished. The boarding-schools at 
the two stations contained for some time one hundred aild twenty 
scholars, in equal numbers of boys and girls ; there are still eighty 
pupils at Tallahassee, but the number at Kowetah, owing to various 
causes, has been reduced. These schools have proved a means of great 
good to the youth connected with them. A considerable number of 
the scholars have become members of the church ; " times of refresh- 
ing from the presence of the Lord" have caused the hearts of the mis- 
sionaries to rejoice in their work, many of their beloved scholars 
having sought and found the way of life. IsTo one of the Indian mis- 
sions of the Board has been more honored in the hopeful conversion 



of souls. Some of the converts, as weU as of the missionaries, have 
died in the triumphs of faith. Two young men, formerly pupils in the 
school, have been taken under the care of the Presbytery as candidates 
for the ministry. And the missionary work is still going on with 
marked encouragement and success. 

This mission, according to the Eeport of this year, 1854, now con- 
sists of two stations, two ordained missionaries, nine male and female 
and two native assistant missionaries, fifty-five communicants, and one 
hundred and twenty scholars in boarding-schools. 

One of the most important of these missions is the institution called 
Spencer Academy, among the Choctaws. This was placed under the 
charge of the Board by the Council of the nation, in 1845. 

Christian missions were commenced among the Choctaws by the 
American Board, in the year 1818, while these Indians were living east 
of the Mississippi. Under the labors of devoted missionaries the hap- 
piest fruits were beginning to appear, before the removal of the tribe 
from their former lands. These fruits were not altogether lost at the 
time of their reluctant and afflicting change of abode. They were 
accompanied to their new homes by their best friends, the missiona- 
ries — some of whom were permitted to continue long in their work of 
faith and labor of love. The names of Kingsbury, Byington, and 
Wright, will be ever regarded as amongst the greatest benefactors of 
this people. One of these fathers, the Eev. Alfred Wright, has been 
lately called to his rest ; bnt before his death, and wMle a member of 
the General Assembly which met at Charleston, S. C, in 1852, he could 
speak of more than eleven hundred church members, he himself being 
the pastor of a church of nearly three hundred communicants. The 
Scriptures also have been translated into the Choctaw language. 

The Choctaw people are no longer to be classed among the ruder 
tribes, though doubtless many of them are far from having reached the 
standard of a Christian civilization, and still more, alas ! have not be- 
come Christians even in profession. Tet in 1846 they were described 
as " all living on farms, and sustaining themselves by cultivating the 
soil. Many of their farms and cabins are small, yet not more so than 
is found in every new settlement of our western forests. But many of 
their farms are well improved and the buildings good. Their country 



MISSIONS AMONQ THE INDIAN TRIBES. 



19 



has in it abundance of good land, and stock is easily raised. On their 
farms many families are living comfortably, who are wlioUy Indian, 
and cannot speak a word of English. They are destitute, in these 
scattered abodes, of stated preaching : and they need schools and 
teachers in the different neighborhoods." 

The Choctaws hare now an organized government, consisting of a 
Legislative Council, and Courts of Justice, with an excellent Code of 
Laws. In the administration of their civil affairs they would not suf- 
fer by comparison with some of their white neighbors, if indeed their 
proceedings would not put to the blush " the law and order" main- 
tained in some of our States. In one important matter they are greatly 
in advance of many of the States, — they have made a most liberal pro- 
vision for the education of their children. They expend upwards of 
$20,000 annually for this object, or a sum equal to a tax for educa- 
tion alone of about one dollar to each person. This money is paid 
out of their annuities from the G-overnmeut. 

In the expenditure of their fands for education, the Choctaws natu- 
rally and wisely availed themselves of the help of their missionary 
friends ; and they adopted the system of boarding-schools. Appro- 
priations of money were made for the erection of buildings, and for 
the current expenses in part of several schools of this class, which were 
placed under the charge of the American Board, the Methodist and 
the Baptist Missionary Societies. The Missionary Societies provide 
the teachers, books, &<■., and also the board and clothing of a certain 
number of scholars, involving on their part an expenditure estimated 
at about one-fourth more than the amount received from the Indians. 
The Council reserved one institution for their own control, intending 
to make Spencer Academy neither a local nor a missionary school, but 
one which should receive scholars from all parts of the nation, to be 
trained under a superintendent and teachers appointed by the Indian 
authorities. The Academy was projected in 1842, and endowed wth an 
appropriation of $6,000 per annum from their own funds, and $2,000 
from the Indian Department. A reservation of land has been set 
apart for its use, which, however, is too sterile to admit of profitable 
cultivation, though it furnishes fuel and partial advantages for farming. 
Buildings for the accommodation of one hundred scholars are placed 



in the centre of the reservation. The Academy was opened in Febru- 
ary, 1844, with sixty pupils, and the average number while it continued 
under the direction of the Council was seventy-five. 

After trial, serious diflSculties were found to attend the actual work- 
ing of the institution as originally planned, — difficulties relating to its 
expenses, instruction, and government. The Council therefore proposed 
to transfer the charge of this Academy to the Board, oii the condition 
of the Board contributing $2,000 per annum to its support. This was 
an unexpected sphere of missionary labor, and in view of the import- 
ance of having the youth connected with the Academy under Chris- 
tian influence, the Committee could not long hesitate to accept the 
trust. The mission was commenced under the charge of the Eev. 
James B. Ramsey, as superintendent, in 1846. Mr. Eamsfey's health 
having become impaired, he resigned this post, and was succeeded in 
1850 by the present superintendent, the Eev. Alexander Eeid. To 
the devoted services of these brethren and their associates, the Choc- 
taws are greatly indebted ; but for the detailed history of the mission, 
reference must be made to the Annual Eeports of the Board. It is a 
mission which requires a great amount of labor, both at the station 
and at the Mission House. It has met with diflBculties, losses, opposi- 
tion, and sad bereavements. One of the most severe bereavements 
was the death of the Eev. Alexander J. Graham, a young minister of 
superior endowments and devoted piety. Yet this mission has already 
accomplished a great and blessed work, and it is now in full progress, 
under gratifying circumstances, and with very favorable prospects. I 
will only add, to show the exemption of the Board from any just charge 
of seekiilg their own things instead of the benefit of the Indians, that 
while the stipulated number of pupils is one hundred, the actual num- 
ber has always been considerably larger, and last year amounted to one 
hundred and thirty ; and while the agreement between the Board and 
the Council requires an expenditure of $2,000 per annum by the for- 
mer over the amount received from the latter, the sum actually ex- 
pended has averaged over $3,100 per year above the amount received. 
This, however, is a very small sum to be expended by the Church of 
Christ towards securing the Christian education of more than one hun- 
dred Choctaw youths, the flower of their nation, the magistrates, legis- 



ao 



MANUAL OF MISSIONS. 



lators, and professional men of their generation. May they be found 
the true disciples of Jesus ! 

Religious services are conducted at the station, and at neighboring 
l)laces, on the Sabbath ; and during the vacations of the Academy, the 
gospel has been preached in more distant parts of the Indian country. 
These labors have not been in vain in the Lord. Some have been led 
to put their trust in Jesus Christ for salvation ; and a church was 
organized in 184*7, to which a number of native members have been 
added. The changes at the station, some leaving every year whose 
places are supplied by others, have tended to prevent satisfactory re- 
turns of the number of members connected with the church ; but the 
youth converted here may be expected to become members of churches 
in other places, and thus their Christian influence will be widely 
extended. 

According to the Report of this year, 1854, the force employed in 
this mission consisted of one ordained missionary, and thirteen male 
and female assistant missionaries. 

The attention of the Board was directed to the Otoes and Omahas 
for some years before it was found practicable to establish a mission 
among them. Arrangements were made to receive some of their chil- 
dren into the boarding-school among the lowas, but their fears pre- 
vented any thing being done in this way. In the autumn of 1846, the 
Rev. Edmund M'Kinney and his wife removed from the Iowa station 
to Bellevue, in the neighborhood of Council Bluffs, on the Missouri 
river, — a place which afforded convenient access to the Otoes and 
Omahas. A building of hewn logs was completed in the spring of 
1848. It is two stories high, sixty-four feet in front by twenty-eight 
in width, with two side wings of proportional size, and is well suited 
for a missionary family and boarding-school. Besides conducting reli- 
gious services on the Sabbath, the missionary haS the charge of the 
school. The number of scholars has varied from twenty-five to forty- 
five, of both sexes, including the children of Otoes, Omahas, Pawnees, 
Puncas, and half-breeds. The mission family and school have been 
repeatedly visited with sickness, and it has been found extremely diffi- 
cult to procure servants for household work. For several years the 
mission was seriously embarrassed by the clianges and the inadequate 



supply of assistant missionaries. Its prospects are now more favorable, 
although Mr. M'Kinney felt constrained by the health of himself and 
family to withdraw during the last year from this field of labor. His 
place has been supplied by the transfer of the Rev. WiUiam Hamilton 
and his wife from the Iowa mission, who are aided by a teacher and 
his wife, a female teacher, and a farmer and his wife, all lately appointed, 
and entering on their work with fine qualifications for its duties. The 
friends of these poor Indians may hope that brighter days are now to 
shine upon them. The past labors of the mission have not indeed been 
without fruit ; and the example of self-denial, patient endurance of 
suffering, and perseverance in discouraging circumstances, should be 
of great price to a church whose members are generally living in the 
enjoyment of abundant earthly comfort ; but we may now look for 
more direct returns from the labor expended on this field than have 
yet been afforded, if only faith and prayer do not fail. 

The numbers, character, and condition of these remnants of once 
powerful tribes were thus described in former Annual Reports of the 
Board : 

" The Otoes are divided into six bands, and number 1166. They 
are much esteemed by the neighboring tribes for their daring spirit, 
both in war and the chase ; but their moral character is far from being 
good. They indulge to excess in the use of intoxicating liquors, and 
have at times displayed the character of perfect savages in acts of 
ferocity and violence. As they live mostly by hunting, the men, women, 
and children follow the buffalo far to the west and south-west. They 
are desirous, notwithstanding, of having missionaries and teachers to 
reside among them, are willing that their children should be taught, 
and will listen themselves to the preaching of the gospel. 

" The Omahas number 1050, and are esteemed more docile and harm- 
less than the adjoining tribes. They have long been most anxious to 
have missionaries and teachers among them ; and since the brethren 
have come, they have given them a most cordial welcome. It is affect- 
ing to hear them relate their efforts to obtain a knowledge of truth. 
Their remote ancestors had cut a pole, which was to be held sacred, 
and handed down to the latest generations ; and had also given them a 
sacred pipe, with which they were to worship on the death of a chief 



MISSIONS AMONG THE INDIAN TRIBES. 



21 



or other important event ; but tliese, tliey say, could not give them 
any instruction, for which reason they thought our Bible was to be 
greatly preferred. They are extremely anxious to have their children 
taught. Provision was liberally made last year by a few ladies in 
New York to support a large number of these children in the board- 
ing-school at Iowa. This was, at &st, the earnest request of the 
chiefs ; but when the Indians were applied to for their children, they 
were afraid and unwilling to trust them to go so far away, lest the 
tribes in whose bounds the school is placed should do them injury. 

" They have been forced to leave their old villages above the Council 
Bluff by their enemies, the Sioux, and are at present very much dis- 
pirited. They are also restricted in their hunting-grounds by their 
cruel and powerful neighbors. From these causes they are very poor : 
both men and women are clothed in skins, and their children, even in 
winter, are nearly naked, and often entirely so. During the last summer 
they suffered from an attack of the lowas, by which a number were 
wounded, and also from a murderous attack of the Sioux, by which 
seventy-three of their number were killed. ' By this dreadful calam- 
ity,' writes Mr. McKinney, ' many of the Omaha families have been 
entirely destroyed ; many husbands and fathers have lost their wives 
and children, and the whole nation now in this neighborhood is com- 
pletely broken down in spirit. They seem to think there is no hope 
for them, and ask of their agent and missionary, in their most afflicting 
circumstances of bereavement and destitution. What now shall we 
do? Their agent. Major John Miller, a professing Christian, takes a 
most lively interest in their affairs, and at aU times cooperates with the 
mission to do them good. Every means in our power have been used 
to raise their spirits, and to direct their aims and efforts into the chan- 
nel most likely to lead to permanent benefit. One ground of hope is, 
that they cling with great confidence to the white people, and seem to 
expect a change for the better, not so much by becoming a strong 
savage people as by adopting the white man's mode of living. When 
Big Cane, their prmcipal chief, was told that the ladies of New York 
felt a deep interest in his people, and were desirous of feeding, clothing, 
and educatmg their orphan children, he expressed great satisfaction, 
and attributed it to the agency of the Great Spirit. When asked how 



many orphans they had, he replied : " We are all orphans, and need the 
aid of our white brethren." ' 

" Like most of the other tribes on the Missouri river, the Omahas 
are strongly addicted to intoxicating liquors. Poor as they are, they 
will often give a horse for a few gallons of whiskey ; and their wisest 
and most influential men are often engaged in drunken frolics. Their 
agent and the missionaries are doing every thing in their power to 
correct this dreadful evil. They have told them that they can do 
nothing to assist them unless they give up a practice which they know 
to be wrong, and which they see is drawing them to certain ruin. 
This contest between light and darkness will be severe, a.nd life or 
death to these poor Indians is suspended on the issue. With much to 
discourage, there are already tokens for good among them." — Report 
1847, pp. 11, 12. 

" Both tribes are in a state of degradation, destitution, and wretch- 
edness. They are acquainted only with hunting, and know not how 
to labor. When not on the chase, the men are idle, and given to 
intoxication. They see that the game is fast going beyond their reach, 
and they profess a willingness to learn the customs of the white man. 
They are willing to be instructed and to hear preachmg, and anxious 
that their children should be taken into the boarding-school. One mis- 
sion and one school is but half what is needed. Each tribe ought to 
have a mission. They do not live together, nor is it best that they 
should do so. The Otoes have a small school annuity of five hundred 
dollars, which for the present they have given, that their children may 
share in the benefits of the school. They have other annuities which 
would aid in giving them a mission and a school to themselves. The 
Omahas have no annuity ; but both tribes own a rich and beautiful 
country, ten times larger than their wants require. Should part of 
their laud be disposed of to the Government, as has been recommend- 
ed by the able and experienced Supermtendent of Indian Affairs, both 
tribes would have means of their own to support a system of education 
and instruction which, under proper regulations, would greatly aid 
them in adopting the habits of civilized life." — Report 1848, p. 13. 

This mission now consists of one ordained missionary, six male and 
female assistant missionaries, with 42 scholars in the boarding-school. 



33 



MANUAL OF MISSIONS. 



The little mission among the Seminoles was the next established, 
having been formed in 1848. It is an offshoot from the Creek mission. 
The Rev. E. M. Loughridge, of this mission, had visited the Seminoles 
in 1846, and was well received by them, though some of them knew 
nothing about ministers or preaching, and thought it safest and best 
to oppose all the ways of the white men, " such as schools, preaching, 
fiddle-dancing, card-playing, and the like." They are " living by them- 
selves in the Creek country, their settlements being about one hundred 
miles south-west from the station at Kowetah. They are the remnant 
of a once powerful and warlike tribe. They consider themselves to 
have been most deeply iajured by the white man. They have no 
school funds, and are poor and discouraged. What property they have 
is exchanged for strong drink, of which large quantities are consumed 
among them." Thus was their condition described in the Annual Re- 
port of the Board in 1849, and in 1852 it was represented as but little 
if at all more hopeful. " The temporal condition of this small tribe 
is not improving, and is in many respects discouraging. . . . Intem- 
perance is still prevalent, and is even on the increase, wasting their 
means and destroying their health ; and their number is decreasing." 

Almost the only thing that encourages the hope of a better state 
of things amongst this tribe, is the patient labor of their missionary 
teachers. One of these is a somewhat remarkable man, himself a Semi- 
nole Indian, Mr. John D. Bemo. He was joined in 1848 by Mr. John 
Lilley, who had been sent out in 1845, with a view to form, in connec- 
tion with Mr. Bemo, a school among these Indians, but had been 
detained among the Creeks by the wants of the station at Kowetah. 
The subsequent progress and present circumstances of the Seminole 
mission are thus referred to m the Annual Report of 1853 : 

" The establishment of this mission was at first an experiment. They 
had expressed no wish for missionaries or schools, and it was not known 
that they would even send their children to be taught. They, however, 
received the teachers kindly, and the chiefs made no objections to the 
school, or to the religious services conducted at the mission. As the 
children advanced ia learning, their parents became more interested, 
and others became desirous that their children should be permitted to 
share in the benefits. The school is yet on a small scale, containing 



seventeen Seminoles, supported by the mission, and four Creeks, sup- 
ported by their parents. Three of the scholars were destitute orphans, 
and could not well be refused admission, although they are too young 
for a boarding-school. The other fourteen Seminoles are bright and 
promising children. The two eldest, of each sex, will soon be young 
men and young women. The parents of the Creek children esteem it 
a privilege to support their children under such good instructions. 
When out of school, both boys and girls engage cheerfully in their 
appropriate employments. The best hopes of this discouraged tribe 
rest upon this mission. Although the scholars are few in number, 
their influence and their example, especially of the larger boys and 
girls, are already felt ; and with the blessing of God, they will be pre- 
pared to do much to promote the best interests of their people." 

" If the funds of the Board would permit, the number of scholars 
should at once be doubled. The time, also, has fully come when a min- 
ister of the gospel should be sent to this mission. Besides the Semi- 
noles, several settlements of the Creeks are entirely destHute of preach- 
ing, and a large settlement of Shawnees, consisting of forty families, 
is but twelve miles from Oak Ridge, the site of the mission. His 
whole time could be employed in preaching the gospel to these desti- 
tute neighborhoods." 

The missionary force at Oak Ridge now consists of four male and 
female assistant missionaries, with twenty-six scholars in the board- 
ing-school. 

The Chickasaw mission is the latest that has been planted among 
the Indian tribes by the Board. It was resolved upon in 1849, but 
the work of preaching and instruction in schools was not begun until 
1852. These Indians have purchased a part of the country belonging 
to the Choctaws, amongst whom some of them are still living, but many 
of them are settled in their own district. Their number is stated at 
over 5000 souls. They receive large annuities from the Government, 
and are a spirited and interesting people, though less under the influence 
of the Christian religion than their Choctaw neighbors. living near- 
est the south-western extremity of the Indian Territory, they would 
enjoy advantages, if themselves evangelized, for extending the blessmgs 
of the gospel to the tribes farther west and south. 



MISSIONS AMONG THE INDIAN TRIBES 



33 



Two stations are now formed among tHs people — one at Wapanucka, 
the other at Boggy Depot. At the tbrmer place a large and conve- 
niently arranged building, of stone, has been erected, in which one 
hundred scholars can be accommodated. The funds of this building 
were supplied by the Indian Council, who have also engaged to con- 
tribute the usual part of the current expenses of the school. In this 
building the Chickasaws have taken a generous pride. It was begun 
in the midst of the forest, far distant from mills, lumber-yards, mechan- 
ics, or any of the requisites for such a building, and required not only 
patience but unwearied energy and industry for its completion — all of 
which were happily found in Mr. James S. Allan and his wife, who 
had the privilege of being the first missionaries of our Church to this 
important tribe. The school was opened in October, 1852, under the 
charge of the Eev. H. Balentine, and during the first term nearly sixty 
girls were enjoying, as boarding-scholars, the precious advantages of 
a Christian education. The fuU number of girls are now in the school. 
Thus a fountain of Christian influence is springing up in the wilder- 
ness. Many households will have reason to bless God for this place of 
Christian training, and its daily lessons will prepare many to become 
citizens of heaven. 

The Council, in 1851, passed a law requesting the Board to take 
charge of a boarding-school for boys, to contain the same number of 
scholars. To this proposal, consent was given upon certain conditions ; 
but the Council have not taken further action in the premises. This 
important measure remains therefore in abeyance, though we may hope 
it will yet be carried into practical operation. 

The second station, ten mUes distant from Wapanucka, was under the 
charge of an ordained missionary, now absent for his health. He had 
several stations for preaching, and had already met with good encourage- 
ment in this work. Three native members were added to the church 
at the first communion. A small brick church has been erected at 
the Depot. The education of the children was not neglected ; over 
twenty, most of them in a day-school, were under the instruction of 
the ladies of the station. The health of the missionaries having given 
way. Boggy Depot is at present unoccupied. 

The Eeport of this year, 1854, gives as the statistics of this mis- 



sion — two stations, two ordained missionaries, thirteen male and female 
assistant missionaries. 

The complete returns of these Indian missions, as stated in the 
Eeport of 1854, are : eight ministers of the gospel ; fifty-eight male 
and female assistant missionaries, of whom four are natives, — teachers, 
farmers, the wives of missionaries, &c. ; ninety-six communicants ; and 
five hundred and thirty-eight scholars, mostly in boarding-schools. 

For the support of these missions, the sum of $43,457 was expended 
in the year ending May 1, 1853, a part of which was on account of 
the buildings for the Chickasaw and Ottawa boarding-schools. The 
sum of $23,240 was received from the Government, in aid of the 
schools, being mostly moneys appropriated to this object by the Indians, 
out of their annuities. This leaves a little more than $20,000 as the 
amount furnished by the Presbyterian Church to the cause of mis- 
sions among the Indians — a very small sum for an object so good and 
noble. , 

The foregoing narrative shows that the boarding-school system has 
been largely adopted in these missions. It is a system that has some 
drawbacks, and yet greater advantages. It involves a considerable 
expenditure of money — for buildings, the support of teachers, food 
and clothing of scholars. This consideration wiU always prevent the 
establishment of such schools in all tribes alike. Some of the tribes 
are very poor ; others are not willing to appropriate their annuities for 
this or any other good object. No part of the missionary work, 
moreover, requires so large an amovmt of care and labor, on the part 
both of the missionaries and of the executive officers of the Board, 
in providing supplies of every kmd for large families, living far in the 
interior of the western wilderness. It is no light matter to furnish all 
the different kinds of food, clothing, and domestic service required by a 
household of one hundred and fifty inmates, at a place far distant from 
markets, stores, and the usual conveniences of civilized life. Nor is it 
a small thing to keep all the accounts of such purchases, with a 
voucher for every item, however minute. Tet with all this complex 
and difficult labor, and with the more serious discouragements of the 



24: 



MANUAL OF MISSIONS. 



impaired health of many engaged in the work, and of too frequent 
changes of scholars and teachers, the system of boarding-school in- 
struction is nevertheless attended with the greatest benefit to the In- 
dians — making it well worthy of adoption, as a part of missionary 
agency. While it need not be used to the exclusion of other kinds of 
work, — for the ordained missionaries all preach the gospel, and day- 
schools are sustained wherever scholars will attend them,- — it may at 
the same time be pursued as being in the end one of the best means 
of doing good to the Indians. The scholars in these institutions are 
trained up under Christian influence, instruction, and example. They 
live in the missionary household, and are clothed, plainly but comfort- 
ably, after our fashion. The boys are taught to work in the garden 
and on the farm ; the girls to knit, sew, and attend to the common 
duties of housekeeping. They are taught the English language, and 
the usual branches of common-school learning. They are assembled 
morning and evening at family worship, and on the Sabbath they unite 
together in the services^ of the sanctuary. Thus they are in training 
for the duties of life under the happiest circumstances. Many of them 
have already become the subjects of divine grace. A few are already 
looking to the work of the Christian ministry ; some are already, and 
others probably will be teachers ; others stiU will occupy posts of 
influence in their respective tribes, as magistrates or council-men. The 
boys will grow up to revere the laws and institutions of civilized 
society ; the girls, to exert a hallowed influence in the domestic circle 
as Christian daughters, wives and mothers. In aU this, we see princi- 
ples or elements of civilization of a high order, — the beginnings of a 
Christian life in the wilderness, — ^the desert blossoming as the rose. 

The happy influence of these missions on the Indians may be shown 
by an example. Fifteen years ago, the Eev. Peter Dougherty, on 
leaving the Seminary at Princeton, went among the Chippewa and 
Ottawa Indians in the neighborhood of Grand Traverse Bay, on Lake 
Michigan. He found them living in a sad condition, dweUing in small 
bark huts or wigwams, poorly clad, and deriving a precarious subsists 
ence from fishing, making sugar from the maple tree, and the cultiva- 
tion of little fields of Indian corn by the women. They were exposed, 
moreover, to the pernicious arts of the whiskey-trader, who reaped the 



greater part of their small annuities. They were thus fast traveOing 
on the road to extinction. 

Mr. Dougherty mingled freely with this poor people, and gained 
their confidence and good-will. He built a small log cabin for him- 
self, and another for a school-house, doing most of the work with his 
own hands. He then taught the children during the week, and preached 
to as many as could be collected on the Sabbath. After some 
months he returned to his friends on a short visit, and was accompanied 
back by his wife, who did not hesitate, at the call of duty, to exchange 
the comforts of refined Christian society for a home among the chil- 
di'en of the forest. Gradually an impression was made on the minds 
of the Indians. One family after another was induced to build small 
cabins of rough logs, near the dwelling of their missionary; little 
fields were opened and fenced ; fruit trees were planted, and vegeta- 
bles raised in the gardens. A suitable church building was erected, 
with a sweet-toned bell to call the worshippers to the house of God. 
The unwonted sight of a Christian village appeared on the shores of 
the bay. 

The means of grace administered in this humble village were fol- 
lowed by the influences of the Holy Spirit ; hopeful conversions 
amongst his Indian congregation cheered the heart of the missionary. 
A church was organized in 1843, and to its communion, at different 
times, over thirty of the Indians have been admitted after receiving 
Christian baptism. Some of these have finished their earthly course, 
in the enjoyment of a good hope through grace, and they are now at 
rest with Jesus. Surely no doubt can be entertained as to the benign 
influence of this work of faith and labor of love. Its fruits are beaii- 
tiful here, and in the world of glory they wUl be for ever perfect. 

The christianization of these Indians was followed by their civiliza- 
tion. Of this a marked proof is now to be mentioned. The land 
occupied by the settlement on Grand Traverse Bay had been ceded by 
the Indians in former years to the Government, and, being a reserva- 
tion, it was not yet in market. Mr. Dougherty's Indians, as they may 
be called, in distinction fi-om the unevangelized part of the same bands, 
were now anxious to obtain land for permanent possession and improve- 
ment, so that they might have a settled dwelling-place, and leave the 



MISSIONS AMONG THE INDIAN TRIBES. 



25 



fruits of their labor to their children. They were the more encouraged 
to desire this, by the wise and liberal legislation of the State of Michi- 
gan, already referred to, giving to the Indians the rights of citizenship. 
After long consideration by the Indians and their missionary, and no 
small degree of attention on the part of the Executive Committee of 
the Board, including repeated references to the Indian Department at 
Washington, it was eventually deemed best that they should remove 
from their first settlement, purchase small tracts of land on the other 
side of the bay, and thus begin life anew. They had carefully hus- 
banded their small annuities and earnings, and some of them were able, • 
in 1852, to purchase little tracts of forty, sixty, or eighty acres each, 
to which they have now removed, and they are hard at work clearing 
their lands, and putting up their houses. They have received a partial 
compensation for their " improvements" at their first settlement ; and 
they should receive farther payments from the Government in exchange 
for lands west of the Mississippi, the expenses of their removal, and 
their support for a year, all of which were included in their treaty 
with the Government. As these provisions of the treaty will not now 
be called into requisition, in consequence of the Indians remaining on 
lands purchased in Michigan, they have an equitable claim on the 
Government for the funds which would have otherwise been expended 
under the stipulations of the treaty. The possession of these would 
at once enable them to purchase lands. The Executive Committee 
have had their claims strongly presented to the authorities at Wash- 
ington, who are disposed to do every thing in their power to promote 
the welfare of the Indians. 

The fact that their removal from the first settlement was made in 
fall view of losing all their former labor, is a decided proof of their 
sense of the value of a settled home, and their willingness by patient 
and laborious industry to support themselves and their families. It is 
gratifying to add, that they were most anxious to have their bene&ctor 
accompany them to their new abode. A memorial was sent by them 
to the Committee, signed by a large number, requesting that Mr. 
Dougherty might be transferred to their new settlement. He is now 



there, pursuing his work under new and more hopeful circumstances. 
It has become expedient to form a small boarding-school, as the fami- 
lies are now at considerable distances apart ; and two more stations 
have been occupied on Little Traverse Bay, where interesting day- 
schools are supported. 

This narrative exemplifies the working of our Indian missions, and 
shows clearly the result to which they directly tend. Their aim is to 
save the Indians for this life and the life to comei They promote their 
civilization, and thus fit them to become eventually incorporated with 
the other inhabitants of this country, — who can have a better right to 
be enrolled as native citizens under our government ? And they point 
their minds to that life and immortality which the gospel alone brings 
to light. What has been accomplished amongst these bands of Chip- 
pewas and Ottawas, is precisely what we hope to see accomplished 
among all the Indian tribes. 

There are difficulties in the way of all this — difficulties numerous 
and most serious. But with the blessing of God, this great work can 
be performed, at least for many of the tribes ; and most weighty 
reasons are addressed to the Christians of this land, to induce a vigor- 
ous prosecution of these missions. The Indians have strong and pecu- 
liar claims upon us. They are our nearest unevangelized neighbors ; 
they live almost within hearing of our church bells. They are depend- 
ent on us almost alone for the means of grace. And their past history 
has been sadly interwoven with our own. They once owned the fair 
lands from which we now draw so large a part of our comfort and 
wealth ; and in exchange for these broad acres, they have received, as 
our largest gift, the accursed " fire-water." Gradually have they re- 
treated before the advance of our population, diminished in numbers 
by contact with unprincipled white men, far more than by their wars 
with our race. They are now in their last retreats, few, feeble, dis- 
pirited, soon to pass "away and be no more, except on one condition. 
That condition is their reception of the gospel. This only can civilize 
them. This only can save them from extinction as a people. And 
this can save them for ever. 



III. 



MISSIONS IN WESTERN AFRICA. 



"JStJfopta sSall soon stretcj) out jjec Jantrs unto eKoti." 



Africa is one of tlie principal missionary fields of the Churcli. It 
is one of the darkest parts of tlie world. Its large population is 
among the most ignorant and debased of the human family ; and yet 
among the most susceptible of improvement. It is a land easily reached 
from Christian countries, lying adjacent to Europe, and separated from 
our States only by the Atlantic. For long periods of time, its chief 
visitors were those whose business was the infamous slave-trade ; but 
the true light is now dawning on this benighted land, and its prospects 
were never before so full of hope. 

On the north, Africa is inhabited mainly by Mohammedans, in the 
Barbary States and Egypt ; but European influences are more and 
more shaping the direction of public affairs in those countries. Algiers 
is now subject to Prance, while Egypt is virtually a British high- 
way to India and the East. A few Protestant missionaries are 
stationed in Egypt and Algiers. 

The whole eastern coast to the southern tropic presents but a single 
point of missionary labor — the station at Mombas, a few degrees south 
of the equator. Some German missionaries, connected with an Eng- 
lish Episcopal Society, are endeavoring to penetrate from this place 
into the interior. 

The southern part of Africa differs widely from all the rest of the 
contment ; being a British colony, having a sparse population, and 
being supplied with relatively a large number of missionaries. Ten 



European Societies and one American support about one hundred and 
forty missionaries among the native tribes in the colony and beyond 
its limits, with a large staff of teachers and other assistants, and the 
reports of last year enumerated over 12,000 communicants in the 
churches. The transformation of character, habits and pursuits which 
has been wrought among some of these tribes, and particularly among 
the Hottentots, is truly wonderful, and such as could have been effected 
only by divine power. 

Prom the Cape of Good Hope northward, through the whole of 
Central Africa, the Christian's eye rests on no bright place. Abyssinia, 
towards the north-east, is inhabited by nominal Christians, but amongst 
them ignorance, superstition, and other marks of an unevangelized 
people are everywhere visible ; while the rest of the interior is the 
abode of Mohammedans and pagans, numbered by many mUlions, 
amongst whom sin abounds and death reigns. 

The western coast of Africa has been reserved to the last place in this 
brief survey. The coast itself, for some sixteen degrees of latitude on 
each side of the equator, and the densely-inhabited regions in the interior 
to which access can most easily be gained from this part of the coast, 
form a distinct missionary field. It is in these regions that the mass 
of the African people live. It is here that Satan's seat is in Africa. 
Here the door for missionary labors* now stands wide open ; and here 
the gospel is beginning to win some of its brightest triumphs. 



MISSIONS IN WESTERN AFRICA, 



37 



The greater part of the population of Africa is found within the 
tropics. At the north and the south, dry and thirsty tracts of country 
abound ; the rivers are few in number ; rain seldom falls ; a large pop- 
ulation could not find the means of subsistence. But a different scene 
appears as you approach the equator, especially along the western 
coast. The Congo and the Senegal are rivers of respectable size, 
while the Niger is a river worthy of a great continent. The soil of 
the country is extremely rich. All kinds of tiopical vegetation have a 
luxurious gi'owth. And a larger population exists in these regions 
than is found in the whole of North America, notwithstanding the 
drawbacks on the growth of population among the Negro races in 
Africa, occasioned by the long-continued traflBc in their own sons and 
daughters. The Foulahs, the Mandingoes, and the various Negro 
tribes inhabiting the country from the Senegal southward, comprise 
many millions of souls. The kingdoms of Ashantee, Dahomey, and 
Benin, each contain severally a large population. 

In forming an estimate of the spiritual condition of these multitudes, 
we must distinguish between the Mohammedans and the pagans, though 
they are equally in need of salvation by faith in Jesus Christ. It is 
remarkable that the Mohammedan religion has become widely spread 
in Africa, and also, that it is still extending its conquests, while in Asia 
it is at a stand, if not on the decline. The Foulahs are Mohammedans, 
and the Mandingoes. Many of the Negroes have also embraced the 
religion of the False Prophet. This may be owing to their desire of 
education. Most of the teachers of what little education is within 
their reach are Mohammedans, and thus the impress of this false reli- 
gion becomes early stamped on the minds of many of the youth. It 
has not been by the Sword but by the Alphabet that Mohammedanism 
has spread in equatorial Africa — ^literally by the Alphabet, for the 
education imparted seldom goes further than the mere rudiments. But 
whatever the education or the belief of these Mohammedan Africans, 
their morals and practice are little better than those of the heathen. 

Paganism in Africa appears under a peculiarly low and debasing 
form. It has no order of Brahmans, no lofty temples, no sacred books. 
It is called Fetichism or Greegreeism, which may be defined perhaps as 
the religion of charms. Its principal idea is that of protection from 



evil by wearing a, fetich, or greegree, to charm away the danger, what- 
ever it may be. Any thing may be a fetich — a shell, the hoof of a 
kid, a piece of leather, an ugly carved block of wood, &c. These are 
worn on the arm, or on the dress, and are fastened in their huts, to 
guard from sickness, death, the arts of enemies, and other evils, and to 
insure success in fishing or in trafBc. 

Amongst the Negro nations, it is common for men to array them- 
selves in hideous costume, and pass themselves off as devil-men, having 
the power of witchcraft. The power of these men is greatly dreaded 
by the ignorant people, and no efforts are spared to gratify them and 
secure their friendship. Presents are made to them for this purpose. 
It is easy to see that wicked men can use this pretended power to sub- 
serve their own malicious and base passions. Even murder is often 
committed at their instigation. Another form of African superstition, 
which frequently leads to the destruction of human life, is the ordeal 
of drinking Sassi wood water. This is required of one charged with 
some offence, as a means of proving his innocence. The water is either 
rejected by the stomach, or else it proves a deadly poison. Many 
instances of murder by this means have been reported by missionaries 
and other writers. But probably the worst eflects of African heathen- 
ism are witnessed on the death of a king or chief. It is then a com- 
mon practice to put men to death, ia order that they may accompany 
their departed lord into the world of spirits, — ^the number who are 
thus killed depending on the rank or power of their master. These 
are some of the dreadful evils which prevail amongst the heathen 
nations of Western Africa. The more common vices of heathen life 
must also be enumerated, — the prevalence of falsehood and deception ; 
the utter want of pure morals, and the common practice of polygamy,* 

* Polygamy abounds : a man's wealth is estimated often by the number of his wivesi 
and these are treated as if they were slaves. They are bought for a price. Mr. Mackey 
has given as a curiosity, though it awakens sad reflections, " the articles paid for a Coris- 
co girl. When a Corisco man marries a girl on the mainland, the amount paid is not 
so great, as the same articles are valued much higher. The list is as follows: 20 small 
bars of iron, 1 gun, 1 neptune, 1 brass kettle, 1 coat, 1 shirt, 1 chair, 1 hat, 2 caps, 1 cut- 
lass, 4 knives, 1 umbrella, 1 chest, 4 wash basins, 6 plates, 4 empty bottles, 1 keg of pow- 
der, 1 iron pot, 1 brass pan, 10 brass rods, 10 pieces of cloth, 5 mugs, 1 small looking- 
glass, 1 jug, 4 pins, 5 needles, 5 flsh hooks, 2 razors, 2 pair of scissors, 8 bunches of small 



38 



MANUAL OF MISSIONS. 



with the degraded condition of the female sex ; and all the cruelty, 
oppression, and loss of life which follow in the train of the horrible 
traffic in slaves, so long characteristic of this part of the world. The 
marauding excursions, the midnight attacks on sleeping villages, the 
burning houses, the screams of terror from helpless women and chil- 
dren, the murder of aged and feeble persons, the breaking up of families, 
the savage treatment of captives, the hurrying and cruel march to the 
sea-coast, the heartless sale to heartless foreigners, the horrors of the 
" middle passage," — these are scenes better worthy of hell than of 
earth, and the actors in them should be only the devils themselves. 
Tet, alas for human nature in its fallen state ! these are the doings of 
our fellow-men, who have the same passions with ourselves. Grace has 
made us to difier from them. The gospel has saved us and our chil- 
dren from scenes of equal if not similar violence and oppression. And 
the same gospel and grace shall be the means of redeeming long- 
oppressed, miserable Africa. 

A better day is now dawning on this dark land. Varied and power- 
ful agencies are already at work to restrain existing evils, and to set 
up the kingdom of righteousness and peace. Amongst these we must 
reckon as greatly important the armed squadron, nobly maintained for 
a long time single handed by t\\2 British government, for the suppres- 
sion of the slave-trade. In later years the American and the French 
governments have each maintained a small naval force on the African 
coast for the same object. As the slave-vessels carried arms and were 
commonly of a piratical character, and as the traffic in which they were 
employed was one that could not flourish side by side with legitimate 
commerce, civilization, or religion, a naval force for their banishment 
became a vital measure. Without it, colonial settlements, factorie 
for trade in ivory and palm oil, and missionary stations with their 
schools and churches, were all alike impracticable. The slave-traders 
would soon have swept all these from the African coast. The question 
concerning the employment of the squadron should be considered one 

beads, 2 pair of ear-rings, 1 poctet knife, 3 padlocks and keys, 4 pipes, 10 heads of to- 
bacco, 1 piece of cloth for her mother, 1 silk handerchief, 1 small bell, 1 tumbler. This 
list of articles is not often departed from in these transactions, though occasionally the 
number of a certain article is made greater or less." 



settled by experience. Yet an attempt was made a few years ago in 
Parliament to have the British squadron withdrawn. The pecuniary 
interests of a certain class would be promoted by the removal of law- 
ful restraints upon their intercourse with the natives. In our own 
country disparaging remarks have been made about the efficiency and 
the expense of this method of repressing the slave-trade, as compared 
with other agencies for the same purpose. But this naval force has 
been and still is essential to the success of every other means ; no 
single measure has been of greater benefit to all that is good in the 
temporal condition of the Africans. 

Other important means are not wanting. The British and Ameri- 
can settlements of Sierra Leone and Liberia are objects of great 
interest to all who have at heart the welfare of the African race. The 
colony at Sierra Leone was formed in 1787 for purposes of trade with 
the Africans, and its first settlers were a few hundreds of colored peo- 
ple from America, most of whom were refugees who had left the 
United States at the end of the Eevolutionary War. The chief in- 
crease, however, in the population of the colony grew out of the 
measures adopted by the British Government for suppressing the 
slave-trade. It became necessary to provide a home for the recaptm-ed 
slaves. It was impossible to restore them to their former abodes. 
The native villages of many were far distant in the interior ; the homes 
of others had been destroyed, and their friends dispersed. Others still, 
in large numbers, were children not able to teU where their former 
homes could be found ; and in many instances their parents and fi-iends 
had been killed, or reduced to slavery, so that they were left as orphans. 
These poor people, when rescued fi-om the grasp of slave-dealers, were 
settled at Sierra Leone, under the protection and laws of the British 
Government. Here their numbers gradually increased, until now the 
population of the colony is estimated at about 70,000. They have 
here enjoyed the advantages of education and the means of grace. 
Thousands of them have become worthy members of the Church of 
Christ, and they have acquired the ideas and the arts of civilized life. 
Freetown, the capital of the colony, is far in advance of any other 
town on the w(*tern coast, as the abode of intelligence, comfort, and 
gospel privileges. 



MISSIONS IN WESTERN AFRICA. 



39 



One remarkable result of this settlement was not probably antici- 
pated by its earliest friends, — that of its being a kind of normal or 
training-school for many African tribes. The liberated slaves were 
natives of different regions. They had their distinctive customs, and 
various languages were spoken amongst them. When brought under 
Christian influence, it was soon found to be more difficult to rescue 
them from their pagan superstitions than from slavery ; but when made 
partakers of the grace of God, they could not but desire to see the 
blessings of the gospel extended to their own people. Some of them 
have already become useful in this good work, others will follow their 
example, and the light of this African Christian settlement will pene- 
trate far into the interior of the country. 

Besides Sierra Leone, the British Government possesses trading set- 
tlements, under the protection of the squadron and a small force of 
troops, at several other places on the coast. Of these, the settlements 
on the Gambia, and at Cape Coast and Accra on the Gold Coast, are 
the most important. The missionary labors carried on at these smaller 
places have been attended with marked success. 

The Liberia settlements differ from Sierra Leone in their origin and 
object, though their influence on Africa itself, we may hope, will 
eventually prove not less beneficial. The Liberians, properly so called, 
not being natives of Africa, cannot at first speak the languages of the 
native tribes. When they reach the land of their forefathers, they are 
vastly superior to the recaptured slaves in character and intelligence ; 
but though of the same race, they are nevertheless foreigners, who 
have been brought up in a much colder climate, and they must there- 
fore pass the ordeal of acclimation, and begin life anew. Serious risks 
attend this great change in their condition, one of which grows out of 
their new political relations. They have adopted the republican form 
of government, which more than all others requires its citizens to pos- 
sess intelligence and integrity. Prom their former position, and by 
reason also of the frontier kind of life in which, as colonists with 
limited means, they are now placed, it would be unreasonable to expect 
that many of them should be capable at once of self-government. We 
are not, therefore, surprised to see the same man in office as Governor 
and President for many years in succession ; it must be difficult to find 



men qualified to be the chief magistrate of the republic, and to fill the 
inferior but important stations of legislators and judges. All this 
shows the essential importance of Christian schools in Liberia, while 
the narrow means of most of the settlers renders it necessary for the 
present that these schools, and also the support of the Christian minis- 
try, should be largely indebted to the missionary institutions of the 
United States. With a cordial and vigorous support from the Ameri- 
can churches, we trust that Liberia will not disappoint the expectations 
of its benevolent founders, and will become the favored home of thou- 
sands of our colored people. Their example and influence, if regulated 
by the spirit of the gospel, will make their adopted country a great 
blessing in many ways to the people of Africa and to the negro race. 
We look to both these Christian settlements. Sierra Leone and Liberia, 
with the deepest interest, as well adapted to repress the slave-trade 
and other evils, to foster legitimate commerce, and to furnish stations 
for missionary labor among the natives of the country ; and our hopes 
are the more confident, because they are objects of special interest to 
the two great Protestant nations of our age. It must be for gracious 
purposes that God has planted these Christian settlements on the bor- 
ders of this dark continent, and enlisted for their prosperity the sympar 
thies and prayers of so many of his people in Great Britain and our 
own country. 

The armed squadrons and the colonial settlements have been enume- 
rated as powerful agencies for the benefit of Western Africa. Hardly 
inferior to these is the commerce now springing up between foreign 
traders and the natives along this coast. The chiefs and other men of 
influence are beginning to find that the labor of their dependants will 
procure for them a better supply of goods than could be obtained by 
traffic with slave-dealers. Their own interest is promoted by sending 
out of the country the productions of the soil and of the forest, rather 
than their fellow-men. And Western Africa is extremely rich in the 
staples of commerce. It is capable of producing cotton to almost any 
extent. Rice and palm oil, ebony and other valuable kinds of wood, 
the gum used in India-rubber manufactures, ivory, and many other 
important articles of commerce, can be supplied in ample measure ; 
while, on the other hand, the Africans are an imitative and an " improv- 



30 



MANUAL OF MISSIONS. 



ing" people, anxious to possess articles of European and American 
manufacture, willing to work for them, and full of enterprise and 
ingenuity in using means to obtain them. With thirty-five millions of 
such a people, living in a country of exuberant fertility, at a distance 
of but a few weeks' sail from British and American seaports, what can 
prevent an immense amount of commerce being created within no far- 
distant period ? 

The principal means of Africa's redemption is the blessed gospel 
of the grace of God. This will effect the greatest changes, when 
other means prove fruitless. A divine power makes this agency 
effectual in the change of character, habits, and pursuits. Under its 
influence, old things pass away, all things become new. This mighty 
leaven is already at work ; its effects are visible and wonderful. The 
briefest statement of missionary returns will prove surprising to many, 
and gratifying to all who have at heart the welfare of this long-neg- 
lected part of the world. The English Baptist, Episcopal and Wes- 
leyan Societies, the Scotch United Presbyterian, the German, the 
American Baptist, Congregational, Episcopal, Methodist, and Pres- 
byterian bodies are all engaged in missionary work in "Western Africa. 
They support over one hundred ministers of the gospel at various sta- 
tions, with a considerable number of assistant missionaries. Over 
13,000 communicants, including about 1,000 in Liberia who are mostly 
of American birth, were reported last year in connection with the 
churches. The greater part of these are members of the English 
Episcopal and Wesleyan churches in Sierra Leone ; but over 1,600 are 
members of the English Wesleyan churches on the Gambia, at Cape 
Coast, and in the kingdom of Ashantee, and over 200 are members of 
English Episcopal churches in Abbeokuta and Badagry. Considering 
the recent origin of most of the missions and the formidable hinder- 
ances to their success, these returns are most cheering. They appear 
to warrant the opinion, that in no part of the missionary field may the 
Church of Christ look for more immediate and extended success than 
in Western Africa. 

The most serious obstacle to missionary labor in this part of the 
world is the unhealthiness of the country to foreigners. The climate 
is not deleterious to the natives, who are described as physically a vig- 



oi'ons and long-lived people ; but foreigners are subject to fevers which 
often prove fatal. Unusual mortality has marked the progress of the 
missionary work on this coast. This may have been owing partly to 
the want of prudence in some cases, and in others to the want of 
proper care and treatment. The methods of guarding against disease 
and of dealing with it are better understood now than in former years. 
Much greater stress is now laid on the selection of missionaries with 
health suited to the climate, and the choice of stations not exposed to 
malaria from neighboring marshes or to other local causes of disease. 
As a result of these precautions, the instances of sickness and death 
have been diminished. It must be conceded, however, that the climate 
of this part of Africa will still prove more or less injurious to the 
health of those who have been brought up in northern latitudes. Yet 
this consideration should not receive more than its proper weight in 
the scale of Christian duty. The missionary work is surely worthy of 
greater sacrifices than the enterprises of men engaged in commerce or 
other secular pursuits, which now employ the services of some two 
thousand white people on the coast of Western Africa. The slave- 
traders for long years encountered the risks of the climate, living at 
all points on the coast, in the prosecution of their infamous business. 
The servants of Christ must not shrink from equal or greater danger 
in obeying his last commandment. He knew all the risks of climate 
when he required them to preach his gospel to every creature ; and the 
promise of his own presence with them will be sweet and precious in pro- 
portion to the sincerity of their faith and the difficulties of their work. 
Their instrumentality in the salvation of lost souls in Africa cannot be 
dispensed with, and will not fail at last to be richly rewarded. " 

The missions of the Board in Africa are found in Libeeia, — at 
Momovia, Since, Kentucky, and Settra Kroo ; and near the Equator, 
on the island of Corisco. These are two distinct missionary fields, 
distant from each other more than a thousand miles. Each has its 
own features of interest, and both are highly important spheres of 
Christian benevolence. 

The mission to Liberia was commenced in 1832, but has been 
repeatedly suspended, on account of the death or the return to this 
country of the missionaries. The Eev. Messrs. John B. Pinney and 



MISSIONS IN WESTERN AFRICA. 



Joseph Barr were the brethren first appointed to this field. Mr. Barr 
was called suddenly to his rest by an attack of cholera in Richmond, 
Va., while on his way to embark for Africa. His removal was a 
serious loss, as he was a man qualified by nature and grace for eminent 
usefulness. The union of energy and prudence with vigorous health 
seemed to point him out as admirably suited to the work which he had 
in view. But " the Lord's ways are not as our ways." 

Mr. Pinney proceeded alone on his mission, and arrived at Monrovia 
in February, 1833. After a few months spent in making the requisite 
inquiries and arrangements, he returned on a visit to this country to 
confer with the Committee concerning the plans of the mission, and to 
enlist recruits for its service. Previous to his return, two brethren had 
been accepted as missionaries for this field ; and in November the 
missionary company, consisting of the Eev. Messrs. Pinney, Laird, and 
Cloud, with Mrs. Laird, and Mr. James Temple, a colored young man, 
who was a candidate for the ministry, embarked at Norfolk for Liberia. 
Most of these laborers were not allowed to continue, by reason of 
death. Mr. and Mrs. Laird and Mr. Cloud were called to their rest 
within a few months after their arrival at Monrovia, leaving a memo- 
rial of piety singularly pure and devoted. Mr. Temple returned to the 
United States, and Mr. Pinney was again left alone in the mission. 
For a time he discharged the duties of Governor of the colony with 
great benefit to all its interests ; but withdrawing from this post as 
soon as it was practicable for him to resign its duties, he resumed his 
missionary labors. Having been joined in September, 1834, by Mr. J. 
F. 0. Finley, Mr. Pinney had a house built for the use of the mission 
on a small farm, at Millsbm'gh, a few miles from Monrovia. One or 
two colored assistants were engaged as teachers for schools among the 
natives ; and Mr. E. Tytler, a colored man and a licensed preacher, 
was employed among the Bassas, a native tribe, at a station selected 
by Mr. Pinney on the river John, eighteen miles from the sea. 

The health of Messrs. Pinney and Finley having given way, they 
were compelled to return to this country in 1835.* Mr. Tytler con- 



* Mr. Finley afterwards returned to Africa In connection, I Ibelieve, with the Coloni- 
zation Society ; but was murdered by natives, who supposed that he was in possession of 
a large sum of money. 



ducted a small school for two or three years longer among the Bassas, 
but no very encouraging results appear to have followed his labors. 
The mission was now virtually suspended. 

Considerable hesitation was felt about resuming the work of missions 
in Africa. The loss of several valuable lives, and the failure of the 
health of other brethren, proved extremely discouraging to many per- 
sons. Tet others were clear in their convictions that the Church ought 
not to abandon this missionary field. The door was open, and all things 
invited the labors of the servants of Christ, with the exception of 
the deleterious climate. To guard against this, it was thought that 
a more healthy station could be found than those previously occupied, 
and it was considered expedient for missionaries to return after a few 
years to their native country, on a visit for the sake of health. Brethren 
of approved quahfications had offered themselves specially for this field. 
It appeared therefore to be the duty of the Board to make another effort 
to establish this mission. 

Accordingly in 1839 the Rev. Oren K. Canfield and Mr. Jonathan 
P. Alward, with Mr. Pinney, the pioneer of the mission, made an ex- 
ploring visit along the coast for nearly a hundred and fifty miles, dur- 
ing which they were led to select a station among the Keoo people, 
about half-way between Cape Palmas and Monrovia. An interesting 
account of the Kroos is given in the Annual Report of the Board for 
1840. They are described as the most intelligent and enterprising of 
the natives on the western coast, having farms in a high state of culti- 
vation, and always opposed to the slave-trade. Then" distinctive name 
is probably derived from the fact that many of them are employed 
as crews on board of trading-vessels. This leads them to visit various 
parts of the coast, although they commonly return to their own coun- 
try after a few years spent in this service. 

The return of African fever soon forbade Mr. Pinney's attempt to 
resume his missionary labors ; but the other brethren enjoyed good 
health, and after completing their exploration, they returned home, 
were married, and Mr. Alward was ordained ; and then they proceeded, 
in February, 1841, to their chosen work, with many hopes of a useful 
if not a long life. These hopes were destined to be disappointed. Mr. 
Alward was called Jo his rest in the following April, and Mr. Canfield 



33 



MANUAL OF MISSIONS 



in May of the next year. They were both men of devoted piety, and 
were qualified to be eminently useful in the missionary work. Their 
bereaved companions returned to their friends in this country ; and for 
a month the station was under the charge of a colored female teacher, 
who had accompanied Messrs. Oanfield and Alward. The Eev. Eobert 
W. Sawyer and his wife, who had arrived at Monrovia in December, 
1841, then succeeded the brethren whom they had hoped to join at 
Settra Kroo ; but in December, 1843, Mr. Sawyer was called to join 
them in the Saviour's presence. He was a man worthy to be their 
associate, both in the church on earth and in heaven. Previous to 
his death, schools had been established, and at one time thirty boys 
and six girls were boarded and lodged on the mission premises, enjoy- 
ing the benefits of Christian instruction and example. 

In the year 1842, three colored ministers became connected with the 
mission. One of these, the Eev. James Eden, had been for some years 
at Monrovia, where he was pastor of the Presbyterian church. This 
station he continued to occupy until his peaceful death, at an advanced 
age, in 1846. The Eev. Thomas "Wilson and the Eev. James M. Priest 
reached Monrovia in 1842. Mr. Wilson's station was at Sinou, where, 
however, he was not permitted long to labor, having been called to his 
reward in 1846. He was a man of energy, and his talents and piety 
gave promise of no ordinary usefulness. Mr. Priest was at first stationed 
at Settra Kroo, but removed to the station at Sinou m 1846, where he 
has been much encouraged in his work. Mr. Washington McDonough, 
a colored teacher, was sent out also in 1842, and he has contmued to 
be connected with a station among the Kroos until the present time. 

At Settra Kroo the education of native youth continued to engage 
the attention of Mrs. Sawyer, who with great devotedness had remaiued 
at her post, although she was the only white woman within sixty miles 
of the station. She was assisted by Mr. McDonough, and by Cecilia 
Van Tyne, an excellent colored teacher, until the return of the latter 
for health in 1844. In the same year the Eev. James M. Con- 
nelly joined the mission, with whom Mrs. Sawyer was united in mar- 
riage in the following December. They continued at Settra Kroo, 
engaged in faithful efforts for the conversion of the people, but meeting 
with no marked encouragement, until they were compelled to return 



to this country by the failure of health in 1850. Since that time the 
station among the Kroos has been under the care of Mr. McDonough 
a small school has been maintained, but no brighter days have been 
witnessed. Seldom have we known a mission commenced with more 
deliberate and well-informed judgment, conducted by more devoted 
and thoroughly qualified men, and resulting in more disastrous and 
apparently fruitless events. Yet the events have not been fruitless, 
though no record of conversions has been made. The piety of so 
many of Christ's servants, their self-denial, their willingness to peril 
life itself for the salvation of the heathen , their happy though brief 
missionary life, their peaceful death — all these have yielded fruit, surely, 
in the churches at home, if not among the hardened Kroo people ; and 
their record is on high, — their crown of rejoicing is the brighter after 
being gained in the dark land of Africa. 

In January, 1847, the Eev. Harrison W. Ellis, a colored man, for- 
merly a slave, who with his family had been redeemed from bondage 
by Christian friends in the South, was sent as a missionary to Monro- 
via. As he possessed considerable talent and energy, and had acquired 
more than ordinary learning for a person so unfavorably situated, it 
was reasonable to expect that his efforts to do good would prove en- 
couraging to those who had taken such a kind and liberal interest in 
his welfare. He was for some time minister of the church in Mom'ovia, 
and gave some attention to a school ; but he is not now connected 
with either. To the want of grace — ^more grace — ^may be ascribed 
his not fulfilling the expectations of his friends ; but we would hope 
that he may yet become a useful laborer in the vineyard of the Lord. 
At Kentucky, a settlement a few miles from Monrovia, Mr. H. W. 
Erskine, a colored teacher and a licentiate preacher, has been stationed 
since 1849, and has met with much encouragement in his work. About 
twenty members are connected with the church at this station. Mr. 
B. V. E. James, another colored teacher, who had been for some years 
under the patronage of a Society of ladies in New Tork for promoting 
education in Africa, became connected, at the instance of his former 
patrons, with the mission of the Board at Monrovia in 1849. He has 
continued to be faithfully and successfully employed in a large school 
at that place. 



MISSIONS IN WESTERN AFRICA, 



33 



The Kev. David A. Wilson and Ms wife arrived at Monrovia in 
July, 1850. Mr. Wilson joined this mission with a special view to the 
work of Christian education, and he has had the charge of the Alex- 
ander High School, an academy established by the Board in 1849. 
The number of scholars has never been large, but their progress in 
study has evinced capacity to make respectable acquirements. This 
institution, it is hoped, will train up many young men for the Church 
and the State. It may form the germ of a college in future years. 
Besides teaching in this academy, Mr. Wilson preaches to the church, 
at present without a pastor. His work is one of vital importance to 
Liberia. A republican form of government can be maintained only 
by an intelligent and virtuous people, whose rulers and other men of 
influence have been trained in Christian schools, under the charge of 
competent instructors. 

The repeated bereavements of the mission on the Liberia coast had 
led to the inquiry whether a more healthy location could not be dis- 
covered elsewhere ; and the comparative exemption from fever enjoyed 
by the missionaries of the American Board on the Gaboon river, turned 
the attention of many to the region near the Equator. Accordingly, 
in 1849 the Eev. Messrs. James L. Mackey and George W. Simpson and 
their wives went out to form a new mission in this part of the African 
field. They were greatly aided in their inquiries by the counsels of 
the brethren connected with the American Board, and particularly of 
the Kev. J. Leighton Wilson, a respected minister of our body, who 
had been long a missionary, — ^first at Cape Palmas and afterwards at the 
Gaboon, — and who is now one of the Secretaries of the Board. After 
making full examination of various places, they were led to select the 
island of Corisco as their station. This is a small island, four miles long 
from north to south, and about the same in breadth at the south end, 
but at the north not exceeding a mUe,— having a circumference of 
about fifteen miles, and an irregular surface, diversified with narrow 
valleys and steep hills of no great height. It is fifty-five miles north 
of the equator, and from fifteen to twenty miles fi-om the mainland. 
Its population is about 4,000, and its situation, midway in the sea-line 
of the Bay of Corisco, aSbrds a ready access to people of the same 



language, the Benga, who live on the shores of the bay and on the sea- 
coast. In this part of Africa there are no roads, and journeys can be 
most conveniently made in boats along the coast or on the rivers, so 
that the situation of the missionaries on an island is rather an advan- 
tage than a hinderance to their intercourse with the natives. The 
chief inducement, however, for choosing Corisco as the site of the mis- 
sion, was the hope that it would prove a healthy place. It contains 
few local causes of disease, while it is removed from the malaria of the 
coast on the mainland, and enjoys the atmosphere of the sea. 

Thus far the missionaries have enjoyed remarkable health for foreign- 
ers in Africa. Mrs. Mackey was early called to her rest by a disease 
not connected with her new abode. Mr. and Mrs. Simpson, in the 
mysterious providence of God, were lost at sea with all on board the 
ship except a native sailor, their vessel having been struck by a typhoon. 
This sad event occurred in April, 1851, causing great sorrow to the 
friends of this new mission. The other missionaries — Mr. Mackey, Miss 
Sweeny, who embarked for Corisco in August, 1851, and was married 
to Mr. Mackey in 1852, and the Eev. George McQueen, Jr., who 
joined the mission in the same year — ^have all enjoyed good health. 
The Rev. Messrs. Edwin T. Williams and William Clemens and their 
wives sailed for Corisco in August last. 

Small schools for boys and girls have been opened, religious worship 
has been conducted on the Lord's-day, and Mr. Mackey has exerted a 
happy influence over the natives by his medical skill. Already many 
of their superstitious practices have been abandoned, the Sabbath is 
in some degree honored, and the influence of the mission is visible in 
the unproved conduct of the people. The principal employment of 
the missionaries, however, has been the acquisition of the native lan- 
guage. Some interesting tours have been made on the mainland, one 
extending nearly one hundred and fifty miles into the interior, which 
have tended to confirm the hope that this mission will afford a door of 
entrance to a very large population. Its location on an island may 
remind the reader of the celebrated island of lona, on the borders of 
Scotland — ^the home of a Presbyterian and missionary clergy in the 
sixth century. May Corisco become to Africa what lona was to Great 
Britain, Ireland, and many parts of the continent of Europe ! 



IV. 



MISSIONS IN NOETH INDIA. 



' E am fountr of tjem tjat souflj&t me not.' 



One of the earliest of the missions to which these pages are devoted, 
was formed in North India. It has also become one of the largest mis- 
sions ; so that a full account of its history cannot be given in this work. 
Referring the reader for more particular information to two books by 
missionaries of the Board,* I would aim here at giving merely a gen- 
eral view of India as a missionary field, and of the Presbyterian mis- 
sions in its north-western provinces. 

The country to which the title of India is now commonly applied, 
forms a well-defined part of south-eastern Asia. It is bounded on the 
north-east by the Himalaya Mountains ; on the north-west by the river 
Indus, and on other sides by the Indian Ocean and the bay of Bengal. 
Prom Cape Comorin, in north latitude 8°, to Cashmere, in 34", its 
length is about 1,900 miles ; and its greatest breadth, from the mouth 
of the Indus to Burmah, is about 1,500 nules. Owing to its irregular 
figure, its area may be stated at about 1,280,000 square miles, being 
nearly the same as that of the old twenty-six States of our confederacy. 

Some parts of this vast territory are mountainous, though they are 
under cultivation to a considerable extent. At the north-west some 
districts are nearly deserts of sand, while extensive deltas at the 

* Two Tbaes in TJppbe India: by John C. Lowrie. Ne-w York: Eobert Carter & 
Brothers. 1850. 

Missions in Hindustan : By James E. GampheU. Philadelphia: George H. Stuart. 
1852. 



mouth of the Ganges and some other rivers are also uninhabitable. 
The greater part of the country, however, possesses a rich soil, which 
is mostly under cultivation, and which, under the heat and moisture of 
a tropical climate, produces a large supply of food and clothing for 
its own inhabitants, and some of the most valuable articles of com- 
merce with foreign nations. The people of India, estimated at 150,- 
000,000, are clothed to a great extent from the cotton grown in certain 
districts ; and the production of this important article might, no doubt, 
be greatly increased. Sugar, indigo, opium, and rice, are leading sta- 
ples of Indian commerce. Rice forms a large part of the food of the 
natives, and is exported to foreign countries. In the northern pro- 
vinces, wheat and other grains are cultivated. 

The Hindus differ from each other in their appearance, and probably 
in their origin. Their complexion varies from a dark to an olive color, 
according to the part of the country in which they live, their exposure 
to the sun, and their occupation. In some provinces, as in Bengal, 
they are a slightly-built, effeminate race ; in others, as in Eajpootana, 
and other north-western provinces, they are a muscular, vigorous peo- 
ple — the men looking quite warlike, with their match-locks, shields, 
and swords. They are by no means a savage race. A certain kind of 
civilization has existed for centuries. They are found cultivating the 
soil as their chief employment, but carpenters, blacksmiths, weavers, 
dyers, gardeners, grooms, cooks, barbers, teachers, learned men, sol- 



MISSIONS IN NORTH INDIA, 



35 



diers, priests, and other classes, show a civilized state of society — 
though these terms do not describe occupations or professions at all so 
advanced as we meet with in western nations. Their habits of life 
are simple, and for the most part regular. Two meals a day, chiefly of 
vegetable food, with no other beverage than water, supply their wants. 
There are some men of wealth, but the most of the people are 
extremely poor. Hard-working men, in the fields or on boats, are glad 
to obtain three rupees a month for wages, or less than a dollar and a 
half, out of which they must find themselves. Their hope of better 
circumstances depends on Christianity. This will set them free from 
idolatry and superstition, which now consume much of their time and 
property. It will break the yoke of caste and allow scope for enter- 
prise. It will substitute the holy day of rest for numerous festivals, 
demoralizing' and expensive. It wiU teach them truth, integrity, con- 
tentment, domestic happiness, so needful to aU men, but especially to 
the poor. Religion will then be their best support, instead of being, 
as it surely is now, their greatest burden. 

It is difficult to describe clearly the religion of the Hindus. Con- 
flicting views are given in their sacred books. Some writers maintain 
the unity of the Divine nature ; others, pantheistic notions ; others 
still, polytheism ; many are fond of metaphysical subtleties ; more 
delight in foolish legends and corrupting histories — such as the exploits 
of the god Krishna. Their sacred writings are very voluminous, and 
contain many just sentiments and good precepts ; but they contain also 
greater quantities of nonsense and depravity than could probably be 
found in the literature of all other nations. 

Some authors have attempted to treat this religion as if it were a 
logical system. They speak of Brahm as regarded by the Hindus as 
a pure and original spirit, pervading all things, but existing in an 
unconscious state until, suddenly awakening, he created in illusion (or 
caused the images of objects to appear) the universe, and the seeds of 
things that should exist ; he then gave existence to Brahma, Vishnu, 
and Shiv, and committing to them the further conduct of the world, he 
relapsed into unconsciousness. As a spirit taking no interest in the 
affairs of men, Brahm receives no worship whatever. The triad, 
Brahma, the creator, Vishnu, the preserver, and Shiv, the destroyer, 



are supposed to represent the three conditions of aU finite existence. 
The two latter are worshipped over all India ; some of the Shasters 
declare that Brahma was doomed by the gods not to be worshipped, on 
account of his incestuous conduct. Innumerable lesser divinities, gods, 
and goddesses, are also worshipped in various places, at particular 
times, or for special jurisdiction over the affairs of human life, each by 
his own followers. A goddess is worshipped by thieves and murderers ; 
another is invoked for the removal of the small-pox ; a god presides 
over the fields, &c. Whatever theory may be advanced in order to 
systematize the religious belief of the Hindus, or however their learned 
men may speculate on the metaphysical and actual relations of the 
gods to each other and to human beings, it seems to be quite certain 
that practically this religion is neither more nor less than a heterogene- 
ous compound of gross idolatry. The symbol of Shiv may help the 
learned worshipper to meditate on the object of his devotion, but it is 
itself worshipped devoutly by nearly all who resort to its temple. 
Not only are images of various sizes and figures — constructed out of 
clay, stone, wood, or metal — the objects of religious worship, but cer- 
tain trees, stones, and rivers. The Ganges is a goddess, and receives 
worship from most of those who live on its banks, and from multitudes 
who resort to it from distant parts of the country. To bathe in its 
waters is a sure way to become free from sin ; to die on its banks, 
drinking its water and invoking its name, is a passport to heaven. 
Thousands of worshippers may be seen every day paying their homage 
to this river, and in many places the sick and dying are exposed on its 
banks, under the burning sun by day, and in the damp air at night, in 
the hope of thereby ending life in peace, and going at once to a better 
world. 

The doctrine of the transmigration of the soul, or its passage from 
one body into another, is a part of this religion. This idea of a suc- 
cession of births into higher or lower beings, according to the conduct, 
has great influence over the Hindus. To deter men from killing Brah- 
mans, for instance, Manu, the great lawgiver, enacts, that " the slayer 
of a Brahman must enter into the body of a dog, a boar, an ass, a 
camel, a bull, a goat, a sheep, a stag, a bird, a low person, or a demon." 
The common abstinence from meat as food, results theoretically from 



36 



MANUAL OF MISSIONS, 



this belief ; otherwise, men might kill and eat the bodies of their rela- 
tives or friends. One of the effects of this opinion is similar to that 
of a belief in purgatory — it serves as a sedative to the conscience; 
men may be punished for their sin by an evil birth, but they will hope 
to escape from it by some meritorious act, — it is not considered an 
irrevocable sentence. 

Hardly any thing in Hinduism is more pernicious than the system 
of caste. The Brahmans were formed from the mouth of the deity, to 
expound his will ; the Kshetriyas from his arms, to defend the Brah- 
mans ; the Vaissyas and Sudras from his body and feet, to provide for 
and serve the Brahmans — the whole doctrine being so framed as to 
exalt the priestly class immeasurably above all the others. Accord- 
ingly, Brahmans are held in the highest honor, are employed in all the 
functions of religion, are entitled to exact large fees from the lower 
classes for their spiritual services, and according to native laws are in 
a great measure exempt from punishment for crimes. The four leading 
divisions of caste have become variously subdivided, so that now 
almost every occupation in life belongs to a separate class of people, 
who neither eat together nor intermarry. To violate any of the rules 
of caste, is to forfeit one's standing, and in most cases one's means of 
subsistence. This system interposes a formidable barrier, therefore, in 
the way of the spread of the gospel. For a Brahman and a Sudra to 
meet together at a meal, according to Hindu notions of caste, is an 
impossibility. But no distinctions of this kind can be recognized at 
the Lord's table, nor are there any hereditary privileged orders in the 
Church of Christ; the rich and the poor meet together there as 
brethren. Moreover, caste is a serious hinderance to the temporal 
improvement of the natives, forbidding them to adopt superior methods 
of agriculture or mechanical employment. In this respect, the severity 
of the system will eventually hasten its overthrow ; it will be found to 
conflict with the self-interest of men of all classes. 

Want of space precludes any description here of the temples, festi- 
val-days, pilgrimages to holy places, ascetic religious orders, and other 
peculiarities of the Hindu religious system. The indecencies, suffering, 
and frequent loss of life at the worship of some of the principal 
gods ; the sacrifice of widows on the funeral-pile of their husbands. 



and the destruction of infant children in the Ganges, until these atroci- 
ties were prohibited by the British authorities — deeds recommended as 
highly meritorious by the priests ; the continued existence, though now 
nearly suppressed by the same authorities, of a class of murderers, 
pursuing their dreadful business under the sanction of a goddess ; — these 
things must fill every Christian mind with the deepest pity for those 
who practise or suffer them in the name of religion. Hinduism may, 
indeed, be characterized briefly as a religion which teaches the worship 
of idols, and which sanctions by its examples the greatest immorality ; 
a religion imposing few restraints on vice and crime, burdensome to the 
rich, oppressive to the poor, degrading to woman, relentless to the 
widow, regardless of children, yielding no comfort to the afflicted, and 
to the dying imparting no hope of heaven. Such a religion, though 
its age be reckoned by centuries, and its votaries by hundreds of 
millions, must yet surely fall. God is merciful. His gospel must be 
preached to every creature in India. 

The greater part of India is now subject to Great Britain. In this 
we are constrained to see the hand of a wonderful and wise Provi- 
dence. To human view, nothing ever occurred in the affairs of men 
more unlikely to have taken place, than the present relations of these 
nations. Par apart, differing widely in language, social life, and reli- 
gion, no one could have predicted that the Hindus and the British 
would ever live under the same government. Looking back to their 
earlier history, our surprise at this result is increased. Less than two 
thousand years ago, the inhabitants of the British Isles were a rude, 
unenlightened, powerless, pagan race ; the Hindus were then as now 
a people of vast numbers, far superior to the Celts and Picts, the 
Angles and Saxons, in the arts and occupations of civilized life, 
but equally destitute of divine knowledge. The gospel was intro- 
duced into Great Britain by missionaries, and became the means of 
civilizing and elevating its inhabitants ; the virtue inherent in the 
religion of the Bible is the true secret of Anglo-Saxon progress. 
The Hindus without the gospel became only more corrupt in morals, 
less able to oppose foreign invasion, and increasingly prepared to be 
the subjects of any despotism — native, Moghul, or European. See the 
influence of Christianity, by example and contrast ! 



MISSIONS IN NORTH I N 13 I A 



37 



Less than four hundred years ago, the Portuguese appeared to be 
more likely than any other Europeans to gain dominion in the East. 
They were the first to obtain a foothold in India ; they acquired pos- 
session of the whole Malabar coast, with settlements on the Coroman- 
del coast and the Bay of Bengal, and made Cejdon tributary to them. 
They were then one of the chief maritime powers of Europe ; but 
they were votaries of Eomanism, a religion containing in itself the 
elements of decay. The connection of the English with India began 
a century later, when they were feeling the new energy inspired by 
having the Bible open and free in their native islands. See an exam- , 
pie of the power or weakness of nations, as the gospel has taken root 
amongst them, or has been supplanted by idolatry ! Portugal, under 
the withering influence of the Roman Catholic Church, has steadily 
declined in political power and importance, until it is hardly reckoned 
among the nations. See also God's gracious purpose ! It was not his 
design to transfer the government of India from Mohammedans to 
Romanists, equally shutting out the light of the gospel ; but He won- 
derfiilly overruled the wickedness of man, and made the wrath of man 
to praise him, and thereby opened the door for the missionary of the 
cross to nearly all parts of the country, from Cape Comorin to the 
Valley of Cashmere. 

The political relations of the British with the Hindus are ofteia the 
subject of remark and discussion. I shall not enter into this, further 
than to state my behef that most of the Hindus themselves greatly 
prefer their present rulers to any that have preceded them. The 
native princes and their retainers, who have lost the power of enriching 
themselves at the expense of the common people, would no doubt like 
to see the former state of things restored. Some other classes may 
prefer the old regime, but generally the Hindus possess discernment 
enough to appreciate the advantages of a government in which law 
reigns, and not the despotic wiU of the ruler. But whatever opinions 
may be entertained about the relations of Great Britain and India, the 
reflecting Christian cannot fail to recognize the hand of the Great 
Ruler of nations, who is also the adorable head of the Church, in so 
disposing the events of his providence as to bring this heathen people 
within reach of the gospel of his grace. 



Powerful causes are now at work, which will eventually overturn 
the huge fabric of idolatry in India. Amongst these, the influence of 
the government as administered by the British may be reckoned as of 
great weight. There has indeed been much to censure in the connec- 
tion of the government with some of the idol temples, although the 
origin and nature of this support has been often misunderstood. In 
some cases, it grew out of the change of rulers, — the British succeed- 
ing native rulers, who had set apart public lands or funds for the 
endowment of certain holy places. They seem to have considered 
themselves bound to perpetuate these endowments, overlooking the 
obvious fact, that the State support of any religion must fall or change 
with the State itself. There is too much reason to fear, however, that 
the chief motive for continuing to support the native temples was the 
desire of conciliating the natives, thus doing evil that good might 
come. But now all this connection of the government with idolatry 
has ceased, or is about to terminate ; and the Brahmans can no longer 
appeal to the presence of British officials at their religious festivals, 
as an attestation of the government to their divine character. On the 
other kand, the administration of the government on those common 
principles of law and equity which prevail in Great Britain and our 
own country, tends silently but most powerfaUy to break down some 
of the cardinal points of Hinduism. Brahmans are tried, condemned, 
and punished for crime just as if they were Sudras, the code of Manu 
to the contrary notwithstanding ; the Thugs are executed for murder, 
though they have prayed to the goddess Bhowani for protection, and 
devoted to her a part of their blood-stained spoils ; widows are not 
permitted to burn themselves to death with the dead bodies of their 
husbands ; and if their sons or other friends are accessory to their crema- 
tion, they are punished for their unnatural crime, notwithstanding the 
glowing praises of the Shastras, so lavishly bestowed on those who on 
the funeral-pile purchase happiness for themselves and their friends. 
The Hindus see that the government of the country, a power which 
they consider to be little less than divine, is arrayed against their reli- 
gion. Gods and priests and holy devotees all alike give way before 
, this new dynasty. 

The progress of correct knowledge among the natives of India is 



38 



MANUAL OF MISSIONS, 



also gradually but greatly changing their religious belief. It is only a 
small number of the Hindus who receive any kind of education. The 
female sex are excluded by universal usage from learning to read or 
to write ; and most of the laboring classes of men are equally ignorant. 
Some of the Brahmans, and a few others, have been at school, but 
have learnt little more than the simplest rudiments ; while those who 
desire to become learned men must devote themselves to works full of 
the idle legends of their gods, or containing metaphysical speculations 
not less unprofitable, or teaching errors long since exploded in the 
western world, including many most absurd " causes of things." All 
these writings appear to possess a sacred character ; and works which 
teach that the earth rests on the back of a tortoise, or which ascribe 
an eclipse of the sun to an immense monster, who endeavors to devour 
the orb of day, are held in equal veneration with the histories of the 
gods. A lesson in a common-school geography will prove hostile to 
many of these sacred dogmas. Indeed, all knowledge that is adapted 
to emancipate the mind from superstition, will, among the Hindus, tend 
to overthrow their religion. The youth who are taught correct meth- 
ods of reasoning, or of weighing evidence, will soon discard the 
greater part of their sacred writings. The effect of correct know- 
ledge, however, if unaccompanied by Christian truth, is only destruc- 
tive so far as religion is concerned. Hinduism is perceived to be false, 
pernicious, and every way oppressive, and may be altogether discarded, 
while yet the partially enlightened mind fails to perceive the truth of 
Christianity, and may even reject the claims of all revealed and super- 
natural religion. Precisely this is the state of mind of large numbers 
of Hindus who have come under the influence of European knowledge. 
They deny their own faith, but they equally disown religion itself, and 
foolishly boast of reason as their sole guide. This is a most serious 
state of thmgs ; and yet the first part of this process must be under- 
gone by the Hindu mind, before the Christian religion can be embraced. 
The government schools, from which Christianity is excluded, — as 
indeed every kind of religion must be in a country where the people 
are not of one mind ; — ^the newspaper press ; the intercourse of Europe- 
ans with the natives ; the progress of commerce, steamboats, railways, 
and telegraph wires ;— all tend directly to undermine the faith of the 



Hindus in their own religion. They do not impart, however, any 
knowledge of Chi'istian truth. It would not be surprising if these 
causes should lead to an entire abandonment of Hinduism — nay, such 
a result is inevitable ; and to this extent, these agencies are doing an 
important work for the Church and the missionary. They prepare the 
way for the Bible and the Christian teacher. But at the same time, 
the Bible and the missionary are indispensable, in order to save the 
Hindus from infidelity. They are indispensable also to direct them 
unto " the Lamb of God that taketh away the sin of the world." 

The main reliance for the overthrow of Hinduism as a religion is, no 
doubt, the preaching of the gospel. The religion of Christ will surely 
overturn all other systems of religion, whenever its divinely-appointed 
means of grace are made known to men. India will furnish no excep- 
tion to this remark. Already it affords many exemplifications of its 
truth. 

Protestant missions in this country were first commenced in South 
India by Ziegenbalg, in 1105, under the patronage of the King of Den- 
mark. He was joined by others, who were good men and faithful mis- 
sionaries, mostly Germans. In 1751 the celebrated Schwartz com- 
menced his course in the same part of the country. Considerable suc- 
cess followed their labors ; and as there has always been a larger rela- 
tive number of missionaries in that part of India than in the north or 
west, there is a much more widely-diffused knowledge and profession of 
Christianity among the natives than can be found elsewhere. It is 
within comparatively a recent period that missionaries began their 
work in the presidencies of Bengal and Bombay ; while in the north- 
west provinces, the field of the missions of the Presbyterian Church, 
it is not more than twenty years since these missions were commenced. 
A few excellent men, of the English Baptist and Episcopal Churches, 
had been previously employed at far-distant places in the same provinces. 

There has been such an increase of zeal in the Christian world for 
the conversion of the Hindus, that now nearly all the larger missionary 
institutions and many of the smaller have their agents at work, preach- 
ing the gospel in various ways, supporting schools for the Christian 
education of the young, and employing the press in printing the Word 
of God and other Christian books. From carefully-coUected statistics 



MISSIONS IN NORTH INDIA. 



39 



published last year in a Calcutta periodical, it appeared that there 
were in India, at the beginning of the year 1852, missionaries con- 
nected with twenty-two European and American Societies, to the num- 
ber of four hundred and forty-three, of whom forty-eight were native 
ministers ; nearly seven hundred native catechists ; three hundred and 
thirty-one churches, containing over eighteen thousand native communi- 
cants, with over one hundred thousand native Christians, not communi- 
cants ; upwards of thirteen hundred vernacular schools, in which nearly 
forty-eight thousand boys were scholars ; ninety-three boarding-schools, 
with nearly twenty-five hundred native boys ; and one hundred and two 
similar schools, with over twenty-seven hundred native girls ; one hun- 
dred and twenty-six superior day-schools for education in English, with 
nearly fifteen thousand boys and young men ; and three hundred and 
forty-seven day-schools for girls, containing nearly twelve thousand 
scholars — in all making over eighty thousand Hindu children and 
youth receiving a more or less thorough Christian education. 

These are striking statistics. They show great progress already 
made. They betoken still greater progress in the next few years. 
Add to these returns the statistics of the press, the great auxiliary of 
the modern missionary, and it is with increased hope that we look for 
coming triumphs. We are informed from the same source, that 
twenty-five printing-presses are maintained in India by Missionary 
Societies ; and that the Bible has been translated into ten languages, 
the New Testament into five others, and separate Gospels into four 
others ; besides numerous works prepared in these different languages 
for native Christians, and for Mohammedans and Pagans. The far 
greater part of this immense agency has been brought into existence, 
we are further informed, within the last twenty years. Well may the 
Church exclaim, in view of such facts, as these, What hath God 

YiTOUght ! 

The missions of the Presbyterian Church in India were commenced 
in 1833. The first missionaries were the Eev. Messrs. William Eeed 
and John C. Lowrie, and their wives, who arrived at Calcutta in Oc- 
tober of that year. They were sent out by the Western Foreign Mis- 
sionary Society, with instructions to select a station in some part of 



the northern provinces, if this should appear to be expedient, after con- 
sulting with Christian friends in that city ; otherwise, they were at 
liberty to proceed to any other part of India, or of the Eastern world. 
They were greatly favored in obtaining information and counsel from 
several gentlemen who were largely acquainted with the country, partic- 
ularly the Eev. William H. Pearce, of the English Baptist mission, the 
Eev. Alexander Duff, D.D., of the Scotch mission, and Sir Charles 
Trevelyan, K. C. B., one of the Secretaries in the political department 
of the government, who had himself resided in the Upper Provinces. 
As the result of these inquiries, it was considered advisable to proceed, 
as originally contemplated, to the remote north-western part of the 
country ; and the city of Lodiana, on the river Sutlej, one of the tribu- 
taries of the Indus, was chosen as the station to be first occupied. 

The principal reasons for choosing the Upper Provinces as their 
general field of labor, were these : The urgent need of missionaries and 
teachers in that part of the country ; its being in a great measure un- 
occupied as missionary ground ; the superior energy of the people, as 
compared with the inhabitants of the Lower Provinces ; the relation 
of the north-western parts of India to other Asiatic countries, west and 
north, which suggested the hope that the gospel might be eventually 
extended from thence into the heart of Central Asia ; the vicinity of 
the Himalaya Mountains, affording places of resort to missionaries 
whose health might become impaired by the hot climate of the plains. 
Besides general considerations of this kind, there were some special rea- 
sons, arising out of the liberal views concerning the education of the 
natives, which were held by European gentlemen of influence at some 
of the north-western cities, and the desire of some of the native chiefs 
to obtain for their sons the advantages of education in the English 
language. As an example of both. Sir Claude Wade, the political 
agent of the government at Lodiana, had set on foot a school for the 
instruction of native youth in English, which was attended by sons and 
other relatives of certain SiklT Sardars or chiefs, and of the Affghan 
exiles then living at Lodiana. This school was afterwards transferred 
to the mission, and the generous support of its founder was continued 
until his official duties called him to a distant part of the country. It 
is still in successful operation. 



40 



MANUAL OF MISSIONS 



The missionaries recognized with grateful feelings the hand of Provi- 
dence, in directing the time of their arrival in India at the precise 
juncture of circumstances which had turned the attention of Christian 
observers with special interest to the north-western provinces. If 
they had reached India a year sooner, their choice of a field of labor 
might have been a very different one ; or, if a year later, they would 
probably have found the ground at Lodiana already occupied, and that 
-perhaps by some educational institution from which the Christian re- 
ligion would have been excluded. They also recognized with thank- 
fulness the favor that was shown to them in the eyes of some of the 
most influential persons in the country ; so that although they had 
landed at Calcutta, feeling uncertain what their reception might be, 
they were cordially aided in their work by those who were in posi- 
tions greatly to promote or to prevent its success ; while nothing could 
exceed the friendly interest in their mission which was manifested by 
all the European missionary brethren with whom they became ac- 
quainted. Thus, having favor in the sight of God and his people, their 
missionary field was chosen and their plans of work were laid. 

How often do we see that the Lord's thoughts are not our thoughts, 
neither his ways our ways ! Signajly was this shown in the early his- 
tory of this mission. Only one of the first company of missionaries 
was permitted to see this carefully and weU'chosen field of labor ; two 
of the others were early called to their rest — Mrs. Lowrie and Mr. 
Eeed — both by consumption; and Mrs. Eeed had accompanied her 
husband on the voyage homeward, which he did not live to complete. 
The remaining member of this company reached the station at Lodiana 
in November, 1834, and entered on his duties ; but a few days after- 
wards he was taken with dangerous illness. For several weeks the 
mission seemed likely to become extinct, by his removal from the 
scenes of this life ; and, on his partial recovery, he was told by his medi- 
cal attendants that he must not attempt to remain in the hot climate 
of India. A year longer, however, was spent by him in the charge of 
a school, preaching, and making journeys and inquiries, to gain infor- 
mation for the use of the mission and the Church at home ; thus-doing 
the work of a pioneer. In January, 1836, he left Lodiana, and Cal- 
cutta in April, on a visit to this country for health ; but eventually 



the hope of returning to the mission was, for the same reason, reluc- 
tantly abandoned. 

In the mean time, the Eev. Messrs. James Wilson and John New- 
ton, and their wives, had arrived at Lodiana in December, IBS.'?, and 
entered upon enlarged labors in the service of Christ. Besides the 
school and other duties, they took charge of a printing-press in 1836, 
which has been a valuable auxiliary in the missionary work. 

The third company of missionaries, the Eev. Messrs. Ja,mes E. Camp- 
bell and James McEwen, and Messrs. Jesse M. Jamieson, William S. 
Eogers and Joseph Porter, and their wives, reached Calcutta in March, 
1836. It was Mr. Lowrie's privilege to welcome these brethren on 
their arrival, and to aid them in preparing for their journey to the 
Upper Provinces. Their meeting was of deep interest, as may readily 
be supposed, especially to one who had seen so severe bereavements 
and so many dark hours in the short history of the mission. It was 
now apparent that these afflictions were not intended to discourage 
the supporters of the mission, but to teach them their dependence on 
divine grace alone ; to purify their motives ; to chasten and strengthen 
their zeal ; and thus at the latter end to do them good, so that by their 
means God would impart the greatest blessings to those who were sit- 
ting in darkness and. the shadow of death. 

The brethren of this new reinforcement soon proceeded on their jour- 
ney to Lodiana, but Mr. McEwen was led, by what appeared to be indi- 
cations of the will of Providence, to stop at Allahabad, a large city at 
the junction of the Ganges and the Jumna, which has ever since been 
occupied as a missionary station. Mr. McEwen's labors were crowned 
with pleasing success, and a church was formed in January, 1837, with 
thirteen members. Besides preaching, he gave a part of his time to 
the charge of schools, in which he was greatly assisted by his equally 
devoted wife ; but they were not permitted to continue long in these 
encouraging labors. On account of the loss of health, he was com- 
pelled to leave India in 1838 ; and, after serving the cause of Christ 
as a pastor, in the State of New York, he was called to his rest in 
1845. 

On the arrival of the other members of this third company at the 
end of their journey, in 1836, two new stations were formed. One of 



MISSIONS IN NORTH INDIA, 



41 



these was at Saliaruiipur, 130 miles south-east from Lodiana ; the other 
was at Sabathu, 110 miles north-east from the same place, in the lower 
ranges of the Himalaya Mountains, at an elevation of about 4000 
feet above the level of the sea. The un-ordained brethren of this 
company were graduates of colleges, in preparation for the work of 
the ministry. They went out as teachers, but with the expectation of 
prosecuting their theological studies, and they were afterwards ordained 
to the sacred office. 

A church was organized at Lodiana in 1837 ; and it is remarkable 
that two of its first three native members have since become valuable 
laborers in the missionary work ; one as a minister of the gospel, and 
another as a teacher. This must be viewed as a signal proof of God's 
favor towards this infant church, and as a happy example of the way 
in which the gospel is to be more and more extended iu heathen coun- 
tries. The schools at Lodiana, Saharunpur, and Sabathu, were vigor- 
ously carried forward, and the brethren were engaged in preaching, 
distributing the Sacred Scriptures and religious tracts, making jour- 
neys to places where large assemblages of natives were collected on 
festival occasions ; but it does not fall within the plan of this little 
work to give a continuous narrative of these labors. Little more wiU 
be attempted here than to present a chronological outline of the arri- 
vals of the missionaries, with some of the leading facts in their work. 

The fourth company of missionaries, consisting of the Eev. Messrs. 
Henry E. Wilson, Jr., John H. Morrison, and Joseph Caldwell, Mr. 
James Craig, teacher, and Mr. Reese Morris, printer, and their wives, 
arrived at Calcutta in April, 1838. There they met Mr. and Mrs. 
McEwen, on their return homewards, and were greatly aided by them 
in making arrangements for their journey. One of their number, 
however, had already reached the last stage of her pilgrimage ; Mrs. 
Morrison was taken to her rest before leaving Calcutta, after a brief 
illness of cholera. Her afflicted companions proceeded to their several 
stations : Mr. Morrison to Allahabad, to join the Rev. James Wilson, 
who had taken charge of the station on Mr. McEwen's removal ; Mr. 
Morris to Lodiana ; and Messrs. Caldwell and Craig to Saharunpur. 
Mr. H. R. Wilson, while proceeding to the station at Lodiana, was led 
by Providence to stop at Puttehgurh, on the Ganges, two hundred 



miles above Allahabad, a town which had been pointed out by some 
of the earlier brethren as eligible for a missionary station. Here, with 
an interesting family of orphan children, a part of whom were placed 
under his care by a pious English physician, and assisted by Gopeenath 
Nundy, the teacher previously employed in their instruction, Mr. Wil- 
son began important labors, which have been steadily prosecuted ever 
since, with evident tokens of the favor of Heaven. 

In February, 1839, the Rev. Messrs. Joseph Warren, John E. Free- 
man, and James L. Scott, and their wives, arrived at Calcutta, and 
became connected, the first two with Allahabad, and the last with 
Futtehgurh. A printing-press was sent out with Mr. Warren, which, 
under his efficient superintendence, became an invaluable means of 
promoting the influence of the mission. In November of this year, 
Mrs. Caldwell, at Saharunpur, was called to her rest. 

In December of the next year, the Rev. Messrs. John C. Rankin 
and William H. McAuley, and their wives ; the Rev. Joseph Owen 
and Miss Jane Vanderveer, teacher, arrived at Calcutta. Mr. Owen 
joined the Allahabad Mission, and the rest proceeded to Puttehgurh. 
In this year, 1840, the work of translating the Sacred Scriptures 
and preparing other religious books and tracts, began to be reported 
as occupying much of the time of some of the missionaries. One of 
these works was a translation of the Gospel of John from the original 
Greek into Punjabi, the language of the Sikhs ; another was the Con- 
fession of Faith of the Presbyterian Church into Hindustani, with the 
Scripture references at the bottom of the page. 

In the year 1841, churches were organized at Saharunpur and Fut- 
tehgurh, and twenty-seven native members were reported at all the 
stations. 

The Rev. Messrs. Levi Janvier and John Wray, and their wives, 
reached India in January, 1842, and were stationed — the former at 
Lodiana, and the latter at Allahabad. Messrs. Morrison and Cald- 
well were married. Mrs. Porter was called this year to her rest. 
Dr. Willis Green reached India in November ; spent a, few months 
at Lodiana ; and returned home, the climate not suiting his health. 
Churches were organized at Saharunpur and Futtehgurh, and the 
year was further signahzed by the organization of three Presbyte- 



42 



MANUAL OF MISSIONS. 



ries under the instructions of the General Assembly, composed of the 
ministers in each mission, and taking their names, like the missions, from 
the leading city, or the station first occupied, in the bounds of each : 
Lodiana, Furrukhabad, and Allahabad. The brethren at Saharunpur 
being ecclesiastically related to the General Synod of the Eeformed 
Presbyterian Church, were constituted by their Synod into a separate 
Presbytery. Their relations to the Board as missionaries are the same 
as those of the other brethren, and the intercourse between them has 
been mutually pleasant and beneficial. A part of their support has 
always been furnished by churches of the Reformed Synod. 

The year 1843 was marked by the arrival in India of the Rev. John 
J. "Walsh and his wife, who were connected with the Furrukhabad mis- 
sion ; the death of the second Mrs. Morrison ; the return to this coun- 
try of Mr. Rogers and family, on account of Mrs. Rogers' ill health ; 
and of Mr. Morrison also for health ; the forming of a new station 
at Mynpurie, forty miles west of Futtehgurh ; the licensure of the 
native assistants, Golok Nath and Gopeenath Nundy, by the Presby- 
teries of Lodiana and Furrukhabad ; and the steady advance of the 
missionary work. The church niembers reported at Allahabad in Jan- 
uary were nine Americans, three Europeans, eight East Indians, and 
eleven natives ; in all thirty-one. 

In 1844, Mr. Owen was married. Gopeenath Nundy was ordained. 
Parts of the Bible, in a revised translation, were printed at Lodiana 
in Hindustani. A translation of the Koran into the same language, 
by a Maulavi, with an Introduction and Notes, refuting its errors, 
by the Rev. J. Wilson, was published at Allahabad, marking quite a 
new era in Mohammedan literature. A larger number of tracts and 
books were distributed in the Lodiana Mission than during any former 
year, and all the branches of missionary labor were faithfully carried 
forward. The number of church members reported at Futtehgurh 
this year was twenty-seven, of whom sixteen were natives. 

The next year witnessed the death of Mr. Craig at Saharunpur, and 
of Mrs. Jamieson at Sabathu ; the return to this country of Mr. Mor- 
ris on account of health : the destruction by fire of the printing-press, 
book-depository, &c., at Lodiana, causing the loss of about $10,000 
worth of property, including upwards of 90,000 copies of parts of the 



Holy Scriptures and of tracts. In general, the labors of the mission- 
aries were continued without change. In November of this year, the 
first meeting of the Synod of North India was held at Futtehgurh. 
Important questions, concerning the kingdom of Christ in India, re- 
ceived the earnest consideration of its members. 

In 1846, Mr. Jamieson visited this country, to provide for the edu- 
cation of his motherless children ; Mr. H. R. Wilson and family also 
returned, on account of Mrs. Wilson's health ; and Miss Vanderveer 
came home also on account of impaired health. Mr. Morrison having 
regained his health, returned to India with his wife ; Mr. Rudolph, a 
German teacher, and his wife, who had spent some years in India, be- 
came connected with the Lodiana Mission, and Mr. Rudolph was licensed 
to preach the gospel. A new station was formed at Agra ; and a number 
of the members of the church at Allahabad having removed to that city 
upon the transfer of the government offices, they were reorganized as a 
church, with other members, making in all fifteen, under the minis- 
terial charge of the missionaries. At Futtehgurh, the number of 
church members reported was thirty-four. At Allahabad, a church 
building, 78 feet by 45, was erected ; while, to the communion of the 
church itself, it was stated that from its commencement seventy-four 
persons had been admitted, fifty-one of whom were received on the pro- 
fession of their faith. The government college at Allahabad was trans- 
ferred to the mission, and the Christian religion and books became a 
part of the daily studies of the scholars. 

Early in 1847, the Rev. Messrs. Augustus H. Seeley and David Ir- 
ving and their wives, and Mr. Robert M. Munnis, licentiate preacher, 
arrived at Calcutta, on their way to the Furrukhabad Mission. Mr. 
Jamieson, on his return to his field of labor, with his wife, reached Cal- 
cutta in November. Mr. Campbell with his family arrived in this 
country on a visit, on account of his wife's health. Mr. Rudolph and 
Golok Nath were ordamed as Evangelists by the Presbytery of Lodi- 
ana, and Mr. Munnis, by the Presbytery of Furrukhabad. A new sta- 
tion was formed at Jalandar, in the Punjab, about thirty miles west of 
Lodiana, which was occupied by the Rev. Golok Nath and a native 
teacher. Churches were organized at Sabathu and Jalandar. Some 
new members were admitted to most of the churches ; and the number 



MISSIONS IN NORTH INDIA. 



43 



1 



reported from all the stations, except Agra and Saharunpur, was one 
hundred and seven. 

In January, 1848, the Rev. A. Alexander Hodge and his wife, and 
the Rev. Charles W. Forman, arrived in India. The former j oined 
the Allahabad, and the latter the Lodiana Mission. In November, 
Mr. Campbell and his wife reached Calcutta, on their return to Saha- 
runpur, accompanied by the Rev. John S. Woodside and his wife, of 
the Reformed Presbyterian Church, destined to the same station. Mr. 
Julius F. Ullman, a German teacher, who had lived for some years in 
India, became connected with the Furrukhabad Mission, and was 
licensed to preach the gospel by the Presbytery. Mr. Porter returned 
to this country on a visit with his motherless children, and Mr. Rankin 
and his family came home on account of his ill health. Mrs. Scott 
was called to her rest while on her return to this country for her health. 
A new station was formed at Ambala, a city almost equally distant 
from Lodiana, Saharunpur, and Sabathu, which was occupied by Mr. 
Jamieson and a native catechist. Some new members were admitted 
to the churches, and a few were suspended from church privileges. 
The second meeting of the Synod of North India was held at Agra, in 
December of this year. The Minutes of this meeting, and also of the 
first meeting, are published in the Foreign Missionary Chronicle of 
November, 1849. They will be read in future ages, as well as at the 
present time, with deep interest. 

In the next year, Mr. Porter returned, with his wife, to his field of 
labor ; Mrs. Rudolph and Mrs. Freeman were taken to their rest ; and 
Messrs, Irving and Wray and their families returned to this country on 
account of health. Mr. Ullman received ordination from the Presby- 
tery of Purrukhabad, and John Hari, a native catechist, was licensed 
to preach the gospel by the Presbytery of Allahabad. A new station 
was formed at Labor, the chief city of the Punjab, which was occu- 
pied by Messrs. Newton and Forman. A church was organized at 
Ambala, and a special work of grace was manifested at Futtehgurh, 
as the result of which thirty-three members were admitted to the com- 
munion of the church. The whole number of church members reported 
this year was 167. 

The year 1850 was marked by the arrival in India of the Rev. 



James H. Orbison, to join the Lodiana Mission; the Rev. Messrs. 
David E. Campbell and Robert S. Fullerton and their wives, to join 
the Furrukhabad Mission ; and the Rev. Messrs. Lawrence G. Hay 
and Horatio W. Shaw and their wives, to be connected with the Alla- 
habad Mission ; and by the return to this country of Mr. Hodge and 
his wife, on account of her health, and of Mr. Freeman, whose health 
had also become impaired. The number of church members reported 
this year was 209. 

Messrs. J. Wilson and W. H. McAuley and their families came 
home in 1851, on account of health. Mr. Freeman, with his wife, 
returned to his field of labor, and Messrs. Rudolph and Ullman 
were married. The number of church members reported this year 
was 231. 

In 1852, Mr. Scott made a visit to this country on account of his 
children, and Mr. Newton and his family came home on account of 
his health. The Rev. Robert B. Williams embarked for India, and 
arrived at Agra early in the following year. Schools were now estab- 
lished at this city for the education of the children of persons of 
mixed parentage, European and native, who are commonly called 
East Indians, a class of growing numbers, intelligence, and influ- 
ence. The buildings required for their use were purchased, with 
the aid of very handsome donations from the late lamented Governor 
of the North-western Provinces, the Hon. J. Thomasou, and other 
English fi'iends.* The members of the church, according to the report 
of this year, were 255. 

In 1853, Mr. Scott with his wife returned to India ; Mr. Orbison 
was married ; and Mrs. Seeley and Mr. Porter were called to their 



* One feature of tho missionary cause in India should be mentioned as truly gratify- 
ing. From the beginning our missionary friends have enjoyed tlie confidence of many 
of the English residents in that country — civilians, ofiBcers in the army, and others. 
They have seen our brethren at their stations, engaged in their daily labors. With the 
best knowledge of the work in progress, tliey have considered it their privilege to pro- 
mote it by their sympathy, iniluenee, and very liberal gifts. They have done this as a 
means of building up the kingdom of our blessed Lord ; and thus have they greatly 
encouraged our missionary brethren, and gratified the friends of missions in this country. 
Our common Saviour will reward them richly for their cordial and efficient coopera- 
tion with his servants in these missions. 



44 



MANUAL OF MISSIONS. 



rest. The work of the missions continued to be carried forward with 
fidelity and zeal. 

The preceding sketch conveys a very inadequate view of the work 
of evangelization which our brethren in India have been permitted 
already to accomplish. Besides preaching statedly at their various 
stations, they are accustomed during the cold months of each year to 
make journeys into parts of the country not yet occupied, in order to 
make known the way of life by public discourses, conversation, and 
the disti'ibution of the Scriptures and other Christian books. To 
thousands of towns and villages has the gospel been published on these 
tours. They are accustomed also to attend the Melas held at particu- 
lar times and places. These are assemblages of the natives for reli- 
gious ceremonies, but are attended by many for purposes of trade or 
amusement — so that they may be regarded as a kind of Pair. They 
are held at places accounted holy, such as Hardwar, where the Ganges 
enters the plains, and Allahabad, where the Ganges, the Junma, and 
according to the native tradition a third river, invisible, unite their 
streams. Immense crowds, amounting to hundreds of thousands, in- 
cluding many pilgrims and visitors from the most distant parts of the 
land, attend the more celebrated of these Melas ; and there are nume- 
rous others of less note, attended by people from the neighboring towns 
and villages. They afford opportunities for widely disseminating the 
knowledge of the gospel. The good influence exerted in this way wUl 
not be known until the great day reveals it, but sometimes it is signally 
displayed. An aged Brahman had made a pilgrimage from Jubbel- 
pore to attend the Mela at Allahabad, a journey of several hundred 
miles, to wash away his sins in the Ganges. There he heard a dis- 
course by one of the missionaries, which shook his faith in Hinduism. 
He returned home without having had an interview with the mission- 
ary, and was led by the persuasion of a Qazi to study the Koran ; but 
he found in Mohammedanism no rest for his troubled mind. Having 
by some means obtained a portion of the Scriptures, he carefully 
studied its lessons, and taught them to his only daughter. At this 
point, an English officer became acquainted with him, and found that 
he had renounced his own reli^icr., and was sincerely seeking a kncv.-- 



ledge of the Christian faith in the face of many difficulties. A Hindi 
Bible for him was requested from one of the missionaries at Agra, and 
thus his history became known to our brethren. 

Another means of promoting a knowledge of the Christian religion 
has been afforded by the Press. Numerous tracts and catechisms, in 
various Hindu dialects, and some larger works, have been published. 
The Way of Life, by Dr. Hodge, translated into Hindustani ; another 
work with a Similar title by a German missionary ; a translation of the 
Koran into Hindustani, with notes in refutation of its errors ; the 
"Westminster Confession of Faith ; a volume of Hymns ; revised edi- 
tions of the Scriptures, in whole or in part ; a translation of the books 
of Genesis, Exodus, chapters i.-xx., and Psalms, and most of the New 
Testament, into Punjabi, by Messrs. Newton and Janvier ; are among 
the larger works issued by the press. The whole amount of print- 
ing at Lodiana and Allahabad from the beginning is over one hun- 
dred millions of pages, of which the sacred wi'itings form a large 
portion. By means of these Christian books a large amount of truth, 
subversive of idolatry and Mohammedanism, and setting forth the true 
religion, has been widely diffused. Some striking examples of good 
which has been done in this way, sometimes in places far remote from 
the stations of our brethren, have been reported in their letters. 

Still another important agency has been the schools of the Missions. 
These have been supported from the beginning, it having been consi- 
dered from the commencement of the work an object of the greatest 
importance to train up a native ministry ; and the number of scholars 
has gradually increased until, as stated in the Eeport of this year, 
18.54, about two thousand nine hundred of the native youth are 
now under instruction. A few of the scholars are in elementary 
schools, but most of them are in schools of a higher grade ; and all of 
them have been brought in greater or less degree under the influence 
of Christian instruction and example. A large proportion of them 
have become convinced of the foUy, and in some measure of the sin, of 
idolatry. Many of them are prepared to acknowledge that Christianity 
is the true religion ; some of them have become the professed followers 
of our Lord, and a few are laboring in various ways — one as an ordained 
minister, others as teachers, catechists, and Scripture-readers — to bring 



MISSIONS IN NORTH INDIA. 



45 



their countrymen to the knowledge of Jesus Christ as the Saviour of 
sinners. 

The preaching of the gospel in these missions has not been in vain, 
as the preceding statements have shown. It is with sincere thanks- 
giving that we can refer to still another and more impressive proof of 
the blessing of God on the labors of his servants, — the Christian life 
and the dying testimony of some of the converts to the power of 
divine grace. An affecting and beautiful little memoir was published 
by Mr. Warren, a few years ago, of Jatni, a member of the church at 
Allahabad. She was the daughter of a Brahman, but she became a 
child of God. In all the relations and events of life, her deportment 
was exemplary. And when called at length to pass over Jordan, she 
was supported by a good hope through grace. Mr. Warren, with ten- 
der caution, had apprised her of the probable termination of her disease ; 
and he adds, " I was delighted to find that she had thought of it, and 
had come to feel willing that God should do with her, as to life, just as 
he pleased. I questioned her closely, and set death and the judgment 
before her plainly ; but her nerves were firm, her eye clear, and her 
voice calm and steady : ' I know Chi-ist, and can fully and completely 
trust him in all things. He keeps my mind in perfect peace.' I saw 
her often, and always found her the same." She was enabled to resign 



her soul, her husband and her child to the care of her Father in 
heaven, and at the early age of twenty-two, she departedjoyfnllyto.be 
with Christ. Another example hardly less striking was presented in 
the Christian death of a native catechist at Saharunpur. His mission- 
ary friend Mr. Campbell, who had frequent and most pleasing inter- 
views with him on his death-bed, gives a very interesting account of 
his religious views and hopes : " I asked him, if he was afraid to die ? 
' No, Sir,' he said, ' I am not now afraid. ... I am now fully recon- 
ciled to the will of God. I do not wish to live longer in this sinful 
world.' On being asked where his hopes for salvation were placed, he 
replied emphatically, ' On Christ alone : he is the only Saviour, and I 
know he will not disappoint my hopes ;' and then, bursting into tears, 
he said, ' Sk, how much I owe to you ! You are the means of lead- 
ing me to Christ, and of instructing me and saving my soul.' This 
was so much more than I had expected, it was too much for me, and 
we both wept together. At that moment I thought that this was 
more than enough to compensate me for all the little trials I have ever 
been caUed to endure as a missionary. I could have changed places 
with dear Samuel, to enjoy his happiness and assurance of hope." 
Examples like these are precious seals of the favor of Heaven towards 
the missionary work. 



V. 



MISSION IN SIAM. 



'^a\> ftfnfls sjjall fie tfig nutsfnfl fatfjers." 



The missionary field in Siam is not a large one, viewed either as to 
the extent of its territory or the number of its inhabitants ; yet, as 
will appear in the sequel, it is one of more than ordinary interest. 

Siam is a long, narrow country, lying between Burmah and Cochin- 
Ohina, and extending from the Gulf of Siam to the borders of China. 
It is watered by several rivers and by numerous canals ; and as the 
soil is generally quite fertile, it is capable of supporting a large popu- 
lation. Having been distracted by wars, however, until within com- 
paratively a modern period, the actual number of inhabitants is esti- 
mated at not more than from 3,000,000 to 5,000,000. Of these some 
hundred thousands are Chinese, and there are many Peguans, Burmese, 
Shans, &c. This diversity among the inhabitants imparts the greater 
interest to Siam as a sphere of missionary labor. Some races may be 
reached here who cannot be visited in their own lands. Numerous 
Chinese, for instance, from the island of Hainan are now living in 
Bangkok, who keep up a constant intercourse with their own country ; 
and through whom a Christian influence might readily be exerted on 
the 1,500,000 inhabitants of that island. 

In Siam the inhabitants live chiefly on the banks of rivers and 
canals, — a circumstance worthy of being noted, as it renders them 
easily accessible by missionaries in boats — the common mode of travel- 
ling. The principal city is Bangkok, of which the population is esti- 
mated at 300,000 ; it is situated on the Meinam, about twenty-five 



miles from its mouth. The people of this country are hardly inferior 
in civilization to other nations of South-eastern Asia. They carry on 
various kinds of industrial occupation. Many are able to read, and 
schools are commonly connected with the wats, or places devoted to 
temples and idolatrous worship, where education is given without 
charge by some of the priests ; yet the knowledge thus acquired by the 
youth is little more than that of the simplest kind. 

The government of this country is a despotism. The king is chosen, 
however, on some basis of hereditary descent, by the principal nobles, 
which must give them influence in the administration of public aSairs. 
In no other country in the East, and probably in no country in 
any part of the world, is the influence of the king more controlling 
over all the opinions and conduct of his subjects ; the servility of all 
classes is most abject, and is fitly shown by the prostration, with the 
face to the ground, of even the chief men when they appear in the 
royal presence. 

The religion of the Siamese is Buddhism, which may be character- 
ized as a kind of atheistical idolatry ; for Budh, in his most common 
form, Guadama, is not supposed to take any concern in the affairs of 
men. Some of the practical precepts of Buddhism are good, — murder, 
theft, adultery, falsehood, intoxicating drinks are prohibited ; yet it 
sanctions polygamy, and the morals of its votaries are the morals of 
the heathen everywhere. As a religion it makes no provision for the 

46 



MISSION IN SIAM 



47 



pardon of sin, nor for the purifying of a depraved nature ; and it 
yields neither support to the afflicted, nor hope to the dying. Its high- 
est doctrine teaches the perpetual transmigration of the soul, until at 
length it becomes annihilated, — that is, swallowed up in the being of 
the apathetic Budh. This religion prevails more widely than any 
other, having under various forms its votaries in India, (which many 
consider the original seat of Budhism,) Burmah, the Chinese Archi- 
pelago, Cochin-China, China proper, Chinese Tartary, and Thibet. It 
is one of the reasons for regarding Siam with special interest as a mis- 
sionary field, that it is the head-quarters of this widely-spread system 
of false religion, so far as this bad preeminence can be assigned to any 
country. It is a reUgion held here in great honor. The king is its 
subject ; the revenues of the kingdom are to a large extent devoted to 
the wats, the support of priests, processions in honor of Guadama, and 
other religious ceremonies. If Budh were dethroned in this country, 
his downfall would doubtless be felt in other parts of Asia. 

The mission established by the Board in Siam was resolved upon in 
1839. It was formed at first with reference to the Chinese rather than 
to the Siamese. The door into China was not then open, and Mission- 
ary Societies adopted the policy of supporting stations among the 
large numbers of Chinese emigrants who were found in the neighboring 
countries. The Eev. Eobert W. Orr, one of the first missionaries to 
the Chinese, whose station was at Singapore, made a visit to Siam in 
the autumn of 1838 ; and upon his favorable report it was deemed 
expedient to form a branch of the Chinese mission at Bangkok, and 
also a mission to the Siamese at the same place. The Eev. William 
P. BueU and his wife, appointed to the latter mission, arrived at 
Bangkok in August, 1840. A physician and his wife were appointed 
to this field of labor in 1841, and a minister and his wife in 1843. 
They were led, however, to proceed to China instead of Siam, so that 
Mr. BueU was not joined by any associate. After learning the lan- 
guage, he was able to preach the gospel and distribute the Holy 
Scriptures and other religious books, explaining them to the people. 
He was encouraged in his work; but in 1844 he was compelled to 
return to this country by the state of his wife's health. 

In March, 1847, the Eev. Stephen Mattoon and his wife, and Samuel 



E. House, M. D., hcentiate preacher, arrived at Bangkok ; and in 
April, 1849, they were joined by the Eev. Stephen Bush and his wife. 
These bretliren found ample employment in preaching and distributing 
the Scriptures and religious tracts. The medical labors of Dr. House 
were of the greatest benefit to large numbers of patients ; whOe they 
brought many persons within the reach of the gospel, whose attention 
could not otherwise have been gained ; and they also tended to concili- 
ate the confidence and good-wiU of persons of aU classes towards the 
missionaries. 

The year 1850 was marked by vigorous labors in preaching and 
tract distribution in Bangkok ; by missionary tours to several distant 
parts of the country, which were made without hinderance, and afforded 
many opportunities of publishing the gospel ; by the printmg at the 
press of another mission in Bangkok of 422,000 pages of books of 
Scripture history ; and by faithful and successful medico-missionary 
practice. This year was also marked by a singular exigency in the 
history of the mission, which for months threatened its existence. 

The missionaries had Kved in houses formerly occupied by missionaries 
of the American Board. On relinquishing Siam as a field of labor, 
the American Board transferred these houses to the American Asso- 
ciation, and it became necessary for the brethren to seek other places 
of abode. After long search and many disappointments, they found it 
impossible either to purchase or rent new quarters. The increasing 
bigotry of the King was the obstacle in their way. He did not openly 
oppose their wishes, but it was soon understood among his abject peo- 
ple that he was unfriendly to foreign teachers ; and no man was wiUing 
to sell or lease real estate to those who at any hour might be ordered 
out of the kingdom. The strange issue was apparently reached, that 
Christian missionaries must withdi-aw from a heathen land, where their 
life and liberty were still safe, and where their labors might be carried 
forward in many ways, solely for the want of houses in which to live ! 
The question had been viewed in every aspect ; referred home to the 
Executive Committee ; reconsidered after obtaining the sanction of the 
Committee, given fuUy, but with deep regret, to their removal to some 
new field of labor — and stUl the necessity for this removal appeared to 
be unavoidable. *••"" 



48 



MANUAL OF MISSIONS 



Towards the end of the yeai- matters grew worse. The teachers of 
the missionaries were arrested and thrown into prison, their Siamese 
servants left them or were taken away, and none of the people dared 
to hold intercourse with them on religious subjects. In the meantime 
prayer was offered without ceasing on their behalf, and in answer to 
the requests of his people, God interposed for the help of his servants, 
— but in a way not expected by them. The King was attacked with 
disease in January, 1851 ; and, though he had the prospect of many 
years of life, he was cut down by death in April. 

His successor, the present king, had much intercourse with the mis- 
sionaries before his accession to the throne, and he has since shown 
himself to be their friend. The difficulty about a site for mission 
premises was soon removed ; suitable houses have been erected, and 
the work of the mission can now be prosecuted with greater freedom 
than at any former period. 

The little company of missionaries have since been called to meet 
with trials of a different kind — ^to see their number diminished, instead 
of being increased. Mrs. Bush was removed by death in July, 1851. 
Her last days were fnll of Christian peace and joy, and her associates 
could say, that " in the full possession of all her faculties, without one 
cloud to separate between her and a present Saviour, she went down 
into the Jordan of death, singing Hallelujah, in the triumph of victory. 
The Siamese have lost in her a faithfiil, praymg friend ; the mission, an 
exemplary feUow-laborer ; and her bereaved husband, an affectionate 
and beloved companion." The health of Mr. Bush afterwards gave 
way, and it became necessary for him to return to this country, in 
1853, for its recovery. He has not yet become sufficiently restored to 
return to his field of labor. 

With the single exception of the embarrassment growing out of 
their small number, the missionaries have reason to be much encour- 
aged in their work and its prospects. They are permitted to preach 
the gospel in stated services and by the way-side ; and the "Word has 
not been preached in vain. Besides the testimony thereby held forth 
for God and against idols, and the secret convictions and impressions 
of many hearers, which may yet result in the open confession of Christ 
before men, two hopeful converts have been admitted to the church. 



They are both Chinese, and one of them is a native of Hainan. Their 
walk and conversation are exemplary, and both of them are engaged 
in efforts to make the gospel known unto their own people. Some 
progress has been made in giving the Scriptures to the Siamese in 
their own tongue. The New Testament and the books of Genesis and 
Exodus have been translated by the missionaries of other Boards ; but 
the translation will require revision, and it may be expedient to make 
altogether a new translation. Mr. Mattoon's biblical scholarship and 
his knowledge of Siamese will enable him to perform good service in 
this work. Schools have been opened on the mission premises, and a 
small number of boarding-scholars are under daily Cha-istian instruction. 
It seems to be not unlikely that a Christian element may be largely 
introduced into the education of Siamese youth. The distribution 
of the Scriptures in Bangkok and in the interior is gomg forward, 
and many of the people are not only able to read and willing to receive 
Christian books, but give a cordial welcome to the missionary, and 
have many inquuries to make about this new religion. Mrs. Mattoon 
and the wives of the other missionaries have been requested by the 
King to give instruction in English to some of the female members of 
his family ; and they can in this way bring before persons of the highest 
rank — ^in Eastern countries commonly secluded from intercourse with 
foreigners — ^the all-important lessons of the gospel of Christ. These 
engagements are still in progress, and may result in the greatest good 
to some of the ladies of the royal family, and by their means to many 
others in high and low stations. One of their pupils, a princess of 
amiable disposition, who had given pleasing attention to the instruc- 
tions of the missionary teachers, was suddenly removed by death. Her 
serious interest in listening to the story of the cross would lead us to 
hope that her trust in her last hour may have been placed in Jesus. 

In connection with this brief sketch of missionary labors, the char- 
acter of the present King of Siam should be taken mto consideration. 
He is a Budhist in his religious profession ; and he is an absolute mon- 
arch. He might on any day banish every misionary from his kingdom. 
The Church must ever remember that her dependence is not on the 
kings of the earth, but on the God of heaven. This being deeply felt, 
it is stm allowable to survey things future in the light of present provi- 



MISSION IN SIAM, 



49 



dences. Now he who, contrary to human expectation, has been ele- 
vated to the throne of Siam, possesses a considerable degree of Christian 
knowledge. He is a much more enlightened and liberal man than his 
predecessor. He has learnt the English language. He has paid some 
attention to the history of our country, probably led to this by his 
acquaintance with American missionaries, and he is a warm admirer 
of Washington. He is disposed to adopt the improvements of western 
civilization. He has under consideration the opening of a ship-canal to 
connect the Gulf of Siam with the Bay of Bengal — a measure which 
would prove greatly favorable to commerce between India and China, 
and would bring his hitherto secluded country out upon one of the 
highways of the world. He is surrounded by the priests of Budh, but 
Christian ministers are living at his capital, and their wives are giving 
lessons of Christian truth in his palace. Eeasons of state policy may 
commend Budhism to his pride, but the Spirit of God may easily con- 
strain his heart to bow unto Him who is the King of kings and the 
Lord of lords. The influence of the king and court in Siam is almost 
unbounded, especially in all religious matters. If the king should 
embrace Christianity, a large part of his subjects would foUow his ex- 



ample. They are in some degree prepared for this, by their acquaint- 
ance with the general truths of the Christian religion ; the circulation 
of the Scriptures and Chi'istian books, and other labors of the mission- 
aries, have been the means of widely disseminating a knowledge of the 
gospel. It is, therefore, in the power of one man, not only to make 
his own reign an era in the history of his country, but to lead his peo- 
ple from the wat to the church — from a miserable paganism to the pro- 
fession of Christianity ; and if the Spirit of the Lord were poured out 
from on high, we might soon see in Siam " a nation born in a day." 
" The king's heart is in the hand of the Lord ; as the rivers of water, 
he turneth it whithersoever he will." 

The short but marked history of this mission, the work now in pro- 
gress, the prospects of widely-extended influence, and the hope of 
remarkable success, should lead the Church to look with deep interest 
on this missionary field. More laborers should be sent out. Faith 
should be in exercise, and prayer should be offered, in the hope of 
speedy and signal displays of divine grace. On these conditions, with 
God's blessing, we may soon be permitted to see a Christian nation in 
the heart of south-eastern Asia. 



VI. 



MISSIONS IN CHINA. 



"iimj tjjese from tje Slanti of Sfnfm." 



The largest field of modern missions is China ; and, unlike India, 
China is a country in which nearly the whole work of evangelization 
is yet to be performed. It is a country, moreover, to which events now 
in progress have attracted the attention of the world. "Such a 
missionary field has peculiar claims on the Church of Christ. We 
cannot but regret that our sketch of it must be a very brief one ; but 
though it will be unsatisfactory, it may serve to turn the attention of 
some readers to works in which they will find fall accounts of this 
ancient people.* 

The Chinese themselves are said to " divide their empire into three 
principal parts, rather by the different form of government which they 
adopt in each, than by any geographical arrangement : I. The Eight- 
een Provinces, or that which is more strictly called China, or China 
Proper ; it is, with trivial additions, the country which was conquered 



* A Description of the Empire of China and Chinese Tartary, together with the 
Kingdoms of Corea and Thibet, &Ct from the French of J. B. DuHalde, Jesuit. Two 
volumes folio. London. 

A General Description of the Empire of China and its Inhabitants. By Sir John 
Davis, F. E. S. Two volumes, ISmo. Harpers, New York. 

The Middle Kingdom; a Survey ... of the Chinese Empire and its Inhabitants. 
By S. Wells Williams. Two volumes, 12mo. New York, Wiley & Putnam. [The 
best work on China, for most readers.] 

The Chinese Repository, 1833-1849, 8vo. Published monthly at Canton, but now 
discontinued. 



by the Manchus in 1664. II. Manchuria, or the native country of 
the Manchus, lying north of the gulf of Laintung, and east of the 
Inner Daourian Mountains to the sea. III. Colonial Possessions, in- 
cluding Mongolia, Hi, (comprising Sungaria and Eastern Turkestan,) 
Koko-nor, and Thibet. "f The area of the Chinese Empire, including 
Thibet and Chinese Tartary as above defined, is estimated by McCul- 
lough at 5,300,000 square miles ; that of China Proper, by Williams, 
at 1,348,870 square miles, or a territory equal to that of all the States 
of our Union, omitting Iowa, Wisconsin, and California. 

China Proper, to which this sketch will now be confined, may be 
described as " a broad expanse of densely-populated country, forming 
nearly a square ; two sides of which are bounded by the sea and two 
by land. The sea is the great Pacific Ocean, which, however, does not 
here present a well-defined outline, but is broken into great Gulfs. Of 
these the chief is denominated the Sea of China, enclosed by Borneo, the 
Philippines, and Formosa, and the Yellow Sea, bounded by Tartary 
and Corea. The interior boundary consists of a range of thinly-peopled 
tracts, occupied only by wandering and barbarous tribes, Manchu-Tar- 
tars, Mongols, Kalkals, Eluths, and the eastern tribes of Thibet." 

The population of China is estimated by native authorities at 
upwards of 362,000,000. Immense as this number is, strong reasons 



t Williams, vol 1, p. 7. 



50 



TI 




lith-oi" SaruDV * C? Xew York. 



MISSIONS IN CHINA. 



51 



are given by Medhurst and Williams for accounting it worthy of respect. 
It was received as reliable by tlie Morrisons, father and son, than whom 
no better judges of such a question could be found, and by others of 
almost equal authority. This estimate makes the number of inhabit- 
ants in China equal to 268 to the square mile ; in Prance the ratio is 
223, and in Belgium 321 ; so that the Chinese estimate may be admit- 
ted as correct without much hesitation. "We may receive it as accu- 
rate the more readily, when we learn, that the greater part of China 
Proper consists of a rich, level, and highly cultivated country, watered 
by some of the largest rivers and by innumerable canals. 

The Chinese may take a high rank as a civilized people. They have 
a government, a literature, many social usages, numerous industrial 
occupations, cities, roads, bridges, canals, boats — all indicating a state 
of society far removed from that of a barbarous race. Their silk fab- 
rics, their ivory and wood carving, the beautiful works of their potte- 
ries, their being the first to discover and to use the art of printing, the 
compass, and gunpowder, entitle them to a place among the cultivated 
nations. The last example just cited, and the theatrical exhibitions 
which are held in high esteem among them, show that their civilization 
is that of our fallen nature, not of a race harmless and pure. The civil- 
ization of the Chinese Avants altogether the great element of Christian- 
ity. Give them the gospel, and they will stand before long amongst 
the foremost nations of the world. As it is, they are superior to the 
self-lauding Anglo-Saxon and other European races, before these were 
lifted up from their early condition by the gospel of Christ. The 
self-conceit of the Chinese is equal to their advancement, and their ig- 
norance of many things well known to Europeans, subjects them often 
to the ridicule of foreigners. 

If in some of its aspects we may speak highly of the Chinese civili- 
zation, as we also may of the Grecian and Eoman, yet when we survey 
their religious and moral system we find it necessary to classify them 
with the Hindus, the Siamese, and other heathen people. Their reli- 
gion is idolatry, more or less refined, but still idolatry ; their morals 
are the immorality of pagans everywhere. 

The Chinese are divided into three religious classes : Confiicianists, 
Kationalists, and Budhists. The first is a common, though not 



strictly accurate name for those who are connected with the State reli- 
gion — which is described as composed, not of doctrines, but of rites 
and ceremonies. Numerous sacrifices are offered to the heavens, the 
earth, the gods of land and grain, the tablets of deceased monarchs, 
and a great variety of other objects, Confucius himself taught but 
little about religious matters, and his name is given to this form of reli- 
gion, because the sect of the Learned, commonly called Confucianists, 
are its principal supporters.* The sect of the Rationalists was founded 
by Lautsz, who was born b. c. 604, about fifty years before Confucius. 
Lautsz made a god of Tau or Eeason, and enjoined retirement and medi- 
tation ; but his followers worship numerous idols, and the Rationalist 
or Taouist priests are said to be often little better than cheats and jug- 
glers. The Budhist religion was introduced into China in the first 
century of the Christian era, and is now widely extended through the 
empire. It is the same religion in China as in Siam, but the Chinese 
do not hold its priests in honor ; indeed, no order of priesthood is 
regarded with much reverence in this country, and none is of heredi- 
tary descent, like the Hindu Brahmans. It is a fact of great moment 
that none of these religious systems have a strong hold on the heart 
of the Chinese. The worship of ancestors forms an exception to this 
remark. This has been called the real religion of China. Its require- 
ments are faithfully fulfilled by all, even the poorest classes, and that 
with an earnestness which shows painfully how the great Deceiver 
has pressed into his service one of the best affections of human nature, 
that of filial reverence. But with this exception, the Chinese neither 
fear nor love the idols in their temples. They have been known to 
bring them out under the burning sun, to convince them that rain was 
greatly needed ! They present at times rich feasts before the images, 
and after letting them stand for a while, so that the spirits of the idols 
may refresh themselves on the spirit of the provisions, they then take 
away the substantial or material parts for their own use ! Tet their 
minds are full of superstitious fears, the offspring of sin and ignorance, 
which lead them to perform expensive rites, and add a tenfold weight 
to the common afflictions of life. 

* ■Williams, vol. ii p. 286. 



52 



MANUAL OF MISSIONS. 



The test of every religion is its influence on the heart and life — on this 
world and the world to come. The religions of China exert no good 
influence upon their followers. Many evils exist which these religions 
do not restrain. " With a general regard for outward decency, they 
are vile and polluted in a shocking degree, their conversation is full 
of filthy expressions and their lives of impure acts." Falsehood and 
ingratitude, thieving, dishonest deahngs, are enumerated as exceedingly 
common. Polygamy and infanticide both prevail, the former among 
persons possessing some property, the latter in certain districts. And 
in China, as in every heathen country, alas for the poor, the afflicted, 
the dying ! What can paganism do for these ? 

There are difficulties to be overcome of no ordinary magnitude, 
before the gospel takes full possession of China. One of these is found 
in the Chinese language. This is acknowledged to be a hard language 
to learn, though good facilities exist now for acquiring it. It stands 
as a serious barrier in the way of a missionary's usefulness at the outset 
of his course. It is a still more serious hinderance in the way of 
receiving written knowledge by the great mass of the Chinese people. 
Several years must be spent in learning merely to read, intelligently, 
their own language, while comparatively few persons can possibly 
devote so large an amount of time to this purpose. The result is, that 
while numerous readers are found in all parts of the empire, the grea* 
body of the inhabitants are acquainted only with the colloquial tongue ; 
and this is found to differ materially in different provinces. Whether 
this colloquial language should be reduced to writing, and if so, on what 
plan, are questions of deep interest. Something of this kind would 
seem to be indispensable. 

The apathy of the Chinese to spiritual things, and their absorbing 
interest in seeking wealth, are obstacles to their reception of the gospel, 
which, though not peculiar to them, are among no other people more 
prominent. Their own religion feebly presents the future world 
to their minds, and it is found to be very difficult to gain their 
earnest attention to religious truth. Their minds are not destitute of 
a certain acuteness and vigor, but they seem, like Gallio, to " care for 
none of these things." The Hindus are eminently a religious people, 
always willing to take up religious subjects in conversation, and often 



ready to discuss with vehemence the claims of different religious sys- 
tems ; but the Chinese are more nearly an atheistic race than any other 
nation. The Africans are eager in the pursuit of gain, but their habits 
are simple and their wants comparatively few ; the struggle for gain 
in China is forced on by the overcrowded state of the inhabitants 
pressing closely on the means of subsistence, and by the numerous 
wants growing out of their advanced civilization. The Chinese do not 
care enough for their religion to defend it like the Hindus ; they do 
not look up to missionaries as belonging to a higher rank, like the 
Africans ; they are absorbed in worldly matters ; they are so polite as 
to give a ready assent to arguments overturning their own belief ; and 
they look on all spiritual things without reverence, and with little emo- 
tion, save that of curiosity. But they are a people marked by prac- 
tical energy, ready to adapt themselves to new circumstances, evincing 
common sense in all matters with which they are acquainted ; and it 
will be surprising indeed if, when they come to understand what 
Christianity really is, and when they become the subjects of its power, 
they do not prove to be one of the most illustrious among Christian 
nations. 

In the mean time the work of preparation for the triumph of the 
gospel in China is going on apace. They are no longer secluded from 
western nations. They are themselves an emigrating people, com- 
pelled to seek their subsistence in foreign countries by causes much 
more urgent than those which bring so many from Germany and from 
Ireland to our States. They can no longer remain an isolated nation, 
looking with a contemptuous indifference upon " the outside barbarians." 
And in these last years, in the progress of the Insurrection which now 
seems likely to subvert the Tartar dynasty, events have occurred which 
must tend greatly to arouse the mind of the Chinese, so long apathetic 
as to religious subjects. The leader of the revolution professes his 
faith in the Christian religion. With serious errors, it seems certain 
that he and his followers hold firmly many important Christian doc- 
trines. It is also certain that they are unsparmg iconoclasts ; the idol 
gods obtain no mercy at their hands. How wonderful that such a 
movement should take place at this time! Is not the hand of God 
evidently in it? 



MISSIONS IN CHINA. 



53 



The missions of the Presbyterian Church among the Chinese were 
commenced at Singapore, in 1838. At that time their jealousy of 
foreigners prevented a station being formed in China itself Mer- 
chants and other foreigners were permitted to live only at Canton, and 
were there restricted within the limits of a few warehouses on the river. 
When Dr. Morrison, the first Protestant missionary to China, entered 
on his work, in 1807, he was embarrassed with similar, if not greater 
restrictions ; and no European could gain access to other places on the 
coast, nor penetrate at all into the interior. Hence it was necessary 
to station the missionaries among the Chinese emigrants at Batavia, 
Bangkok, Singapore, and other remote places. The first missionaries 
of the Board were the Rev. Messrs. Robert W. Orr and John A. 
Mitchell, and Mrs. Orr, who arrived at their station in April, 1838. 
In October following, Mr. Mitchell, whose health was delicate when he 
left this country, was called to his rest. With Mr. Orr, he had visited 
Malacca and Penang, and Mr. Orr afterwards visited Bangkok, to 
obtain information concerning the most eligible places for missionary 
work. In the next year the Chinese teacher einployed by Mr. Orr was 
baptized by him. In July, 1840, the Rev. Thomas L. McBryde and 
his wife arrived at Singapore, and in December Mr. and Mrs. Orr 
were compelled to leave their work by the failure of Mr. Orr's health. 
In July, 1841, James C. Hepburn, M.D., and his wife, reached Singa- 
pore, under appointment to the mission in Siam, but with permission 
to join the China mission — a measure which the return of Mr. Orr and 
other reasons made expedient. Towards the end of this year Mr. and 
Mrs. McBryde went up to Macao for the benefit of a colder climate. 
In May, 1842, the Rev. Walter M. Lowrie arrived at Macao, and 
sailed about a month afterwards for Singapore. This voyage was 
undertaken with reference to the question of removing the mission from 
that place to China. The war between the British and the Chinese 
was drawing to a close, and it was a deeply important matter to decide 
wisely on the line of efforts which should be followed under the new 
aspects of this great field of labor. Mr. Lowrie's voyage, however, 
ended in the shipwreck of the vessel, and the almost miraculous escape 
of himself and most of the ship's company. After sailing four hundred 
miles in open boats, and encountering a severe gale at sea, they reached 



Luban, a small island near Manila, and Mr. Lowrie returned to Macao 
in October. 

The termination of the war between the British and the Chinese in 
this year changed the whole question as to the stations to be occupied. 
These were not required to be henceforth at places many hundreds of 
miles distant from China ; five of the principal cities on the coast of the 
country were now open to the residence of missionaries, as well as 
of other foreigners.' Accordingly it was deemed expedient for Mr. 
McBryde to occupy a station on Kulangsu, a small island close by 
the city of Amoy. To this island, in 1843, Dr. Hepburn removed 
from Singapore, after spending a few months at Macao while the 
question of his station was under consideration. lu October Mr. 
McBryde and his family returned to this country, on account of the 
failure of his health. In February, 1844, D. B. McCartee, M.D., and 
Mr. Richard Cole, a printer, and his wife, arrived at Macao ; in July 
the Rev. Richard Q. Way and wife, at first appointed to Siam ; in 
October the Rev. Messrs. M. Simpson Culbertson and Augustus W. 
Loomis, and their wives, and the Rev. Messrs. John Lloyd and Andrew 
P. Happer, M.D. ; and in May, 1845, the Rev. Hugh A. Brown. 
The number of brethren thus arriving in China showed that the 
churches were willing to respond to the call of providence for enlarged 
missionary operations in this country. It was now practicable to form 
plans of missionary work on a wider scale, and after much considera- 
tion it was determined to form three missions — at Canton, Amoy, and 
Ningpo. Messrs. Happer and Cole were connected with the Canton 
mission ; Messrs. Lloyd, Brown, and Hepburn with the mission at 
Amoy ; and Messrs. Lowrie, Way, Loomis, Culbertson, and McCartee 
with the Ningpo mission. 

An important auxiliary to these missions is the printing-press. A 
brief account of this deserves a place in these pages. Preliminaiy 
to this notice it should be stated, that in no other heathen country are 
there so many readers as in China, and that there the process of print- 
ing has long been in use. The Chinese method of printing, however, 
is a very imperfect one ; the types are blocks of wood, on which each 
letter or character has been engraved by the hand of the artist, and 
the impressions are taken by means of a brush for the ink and a block 



54 



MANUAL OF MISSIONS 



for the press, the whole being an operation so slow, that only the 
patience of a Chinaman is equal to its demands. Our admiration, how- 
ever, is due to the invention itself, and to the neatness and economy of 
the printing thus executed ; but in this day of finished machinery, and 
of large stereotype editions of the Scriptures and other books, this im- 
perfect process does not suit the exigences of the Church in her mis- 
sionary work. On the other hand, a serious and apparently insuperable 
difficulty in the way of printing, either by machinery or by the use of 
metallic types, was found in the large number of Chinese letters or cha- 
racters. This number is estimated at 30,000 ; a common printing-office 
case contains but 56. 

For a satisfactory statement of the " discovery," as it may well be 
called, of the method of printing this multitude of Chinese characters 
with a small number of metallic types, the reader may consult the 
Annual Report of the Western Foreign Missionary Society, May, 1837. 
It turns on the distinction between the formatives and primitives in the 
Chinese language, and between the divisible and the indivisible charac- 
ters. The divisible are reduced to their simplest elements, and being 
struck off as types, can be re-composed in different characters, so that 
a comparatively small number of types will serve to express most of 
the characters in common use. At the instance of the Corresponding 
Secretary of the Board, whose previous study of this language had 
prepared him to take a deep interest in this matter, the Committee 
agreed in 1836 to order a set of the matrices for this new mode of 
printing Chinese. These matrices were made in Paris, at a cost of over 
$5000. Types were cast from them in New-York by Mr. Cole ; and at 
Macao both he and Mr. Lowrie gave much time and labor to perfecting 
the types, arranging the cases, and other things requisite to the practi- 
cal application of this new invention. Many fears and some predic- 
tions of failure were happily disappointed, and its success may be 
regarded as an era in the history of this people. For several years this 
mode of printing has been in operation. Large editions of works are 
printed, from stereotype plates, on improved presses, such as are in use 
in our own country, which will be driven by steam-power when 
the Chinese become a Christian people. It is of interest to add, that 
but for the order given by the Committee in 1836 for a set of these 



matrices, this great invention would probably not have been brought 
into use. So Uttle confidence was felt in its practicability, that no other 
Missionary Institution would give it their patronage. Only one other 
order was received by the artist, and without at least two orders, he 
could not proceed with the work. - 

In 1845 the printing-press was removed from Macao to Ningpo, and 
upwards of 3,500,000 pages were printed. A station was occupied at 
Chnsan, an island not far distant fi'om Ningpo, which was then in the 
possession of the British. This was an experiment to determine whether 
other places besides the cities opened under the treaty could be occu- 
pied by missionaries ; but it was found that the authorities civilly but 
firmly opposed their permanent residence there, although the people of 
the island were friendly ; and the station was relinquished soon after 
the island was restored by the British to the Chmese. 

In 1846, Dr. and Mrs. Hepburn reached this country, being compel- 
led to return by the state of ilrs. Hepburn's health. In December, the 
Eev. Messrs. William Speer and John B. French, and Mrs. Speer, 
arrived at Canton, and the Rev. John W. Quarterman joined the 
Ningpo mission. A church was organized at Ningpo in May ; board- 
ing-schools were opened at Canton and Ningpo ; and most of the mis- 
sionaries were now sufficiently acquainted with the Chinese language to 
conduct religious services in chapels, and to make known the gospel by 
the way-side. 

The year 1847 was marked by the death of Mrs. Speer on the 16th 
of April, and of Mr. Lowrie on the 19th of August — the latter under 
most afflicting circumstances, by the hands of Chinese pirates.* Mr. 
Cole's connection with the mission ceased, and Mr. Happer was married 
to a daughter of Dr. Ball, an American missionary at Canton. 

In 1848, the Eev. Messrs. Joseph K. Wight and Henry V. Rankin, and 
their wives, arrived in China, to join the Ningpo mission. Mr. Brown 
was compelled to return to this country, by the state of his health, and 



* See Memoirs of the Eev. "Walter M. Lowrie : New-York, 1849 : Eobert Carter & 
Brothers. He was a memher of a Convention of Missionaries at Shanghai, engaged in 
the translation of the Scriptures, and was returning to his station at Ningpo, when he 
was taken, as by a martyr's death, to his rest. 



MISSIONS IN CHINA 



55 



on the 6tli of December Mr. Lloyd was called to his rest. The station 
at Amoy has not since been occupied by the Board. 

In 1849, Mr. Moses S. Coulter and his wife arrived in China — Mr. 
Coulter having been appointed to take charge of the press at Ningpo, 
while continuing his studies for the work of the ministry. 

In 1850, the Rev. Messrs. Samuel N. and William P. Martin, and 
their wives, arrived at Ningpo. Mr. Loomis and his wife and Mr. 
Speer returned to this country, on account of their health. A new 
mission was formed at Shanghai, to which Mr. Wight and Mr. Cul- 
bertson were appointed — ^the latter with a special view to the work of 
translating the Scriptures. 

In 1851, Mr. French was married to the second daughter of Dr. 
Ball, the sister of Mrs. Happer ; and in 1852, the Eev. John Byers 
and his wife and Miss Juana M. Knight arrived in China, the latter 
t,o be associated with her sister, Mrs. Rankin, in the female boarding 
school at Ningpo, and Mr. Byers to be stationed at Shanghai. Mr. 
Coulter was called to his rest, on the 12th of December, and the health 
of Mr. Byers having given way shortly after reaching his station, he 
and his wife started on their voyage homewards, but he was also taken 
to his rest on the 8th of April, 1853. In August, the Rev. John 
Nevius and his wife sailed for Ningpo, and in November the Rev. 
Charles P. Preston, and J. G. Kerr, M.D., and his wife, for Canton. 
In this year also. Dr. McCartee was married to Miss Knight. 

In April, 1854, the Rev. Reuben Lowrie and his wife embarked for 
China, to be connected with the Shanghai mission. 

This is but a slight sketch of the missions of the Board in China, 
yet it shows that an important work is in steady progress. Twelve 
ministers and two physicians, nearly all of whom are married men, are 
stationed at the cities of Canton, Shanghai, and Ningpo. The board- 
ing-schools contain about sixty boys and thirty girls, and the day-schools 
about sixty boys. The church at Ningpo numbers twenty-three com- 
municants. The printing-press at that city has sent forth upwards of 
24,000,000 of pages of the Sacred Scriptures and other Christian pub- 
lications, and is still in effective operation. The medico-missionary 
labors of Mr. Happer and Dr. McCartee have exerted a wide-spread 



influence in favor of the Christian religion, which is perceived to 
inspire its followers with benevolence, and to confer evident blessings 
on the poor and needy. Dr. McCartee's influence, as a Christian phy- 
sician, is such as might well be envied by the most favored of his pro- 
fessional brethren in any of our own cities. Numerous chapels, most 
of them rooms hired for the purpose, are open for religious services, 
and at Ningpo a large and convenient church has been erected, in 
which public worship is regularly conducted. The gospel has been 
frequently proclaimed, also, at the temples and other places of public 
concourse, and in the villages in the vicinity of Ningpo. 

By means of these various labors, the leaven of divine truth has 
been extensively difiiised, and is producing its appropriate influence. 
A signal example of this occurred during the last year, in connection 
with the Ningpo mission. A part of the sacred volume, received from 
a missionary, was carried by a Chinaman to his own village, at some 
distance in the interior of the country. It seems to have made no 
impression on the mind of him who first received it, but it fell into the 
hands of an aged man, who for fourscore years had been a worshipper 
of idols. His attention was awakened to consider this new religion, 
and he concluded to go in search of the giver of this strange book. 
He came to Ningpo, took up his abode on the premises of one of the 
missionaries, and spent his time in reading the sacred volume and 
attending to the instructions of his kind teacher, — often coming with 
the Bible in his hand to ask for explanations of difficult passages, and 
manifesting a teachable spirit. After some months thus employed, he 
gave pleasing evidence of being a subject of divine grace, and was 
received into the church of Christ by baptism, in the presence of a 
large congregation of his heathen countrymen. Could any thing more 
clearly attest that the gospel is the power of God unto salvation ? 
Commonly we indulge little hope of the conversion of very aged per- 
sons, even in Christian lands ; but here, in the adorable exercise of 
God's sovereignty in grace, we see an aged idolater, living far distant 
from the ministrations of the sanctuary, brought into the communion 
of the saints ! Such an example shows that nothing is too hard for 
Almighty. 



56 



MANUAL OF MISSIONS. 



The Mission to the Chinese in Califoria properly follows tlie 
missions in China itself. The fame of the gold mines has drawn some 
thousands of this gain-seeking people to our shores. Thus far, they have 
nearly all come from the province of Canton, and speak the dialect of 
that province. The Eev. William Speer and his wife commenced their 
labors amongst them at San Francisco in the autumn of 1852. Hav- 
ing been stationed at Canton in former years, his health being now re- 
stored, Mr. Speer could at once speak unto them in their tongue the 
wonderful works of God. Their civil relations to each other were now 
reversed ; they are the foreigners, and their missionary could bid them 
welcome to his native land ; accordingly, his visits were well received 
by them. He found several Chinese patients in the hospital, who 
were grateful for his instructions and aid ; a school was opened, but 
the attendance was not regular. After some time, an eligible place of 
worship was secured for a few months, where services were conducted 
in the Chinese language, with a varying audience. Eventually the 
liberality of residents of San Francisco provided a suitable building 
for the use of the mission, in which it is designed to have a school and 
a chapel, with convenient apartments for the family of the missionary. 
Many of the Chinese gave handsome donations towards the purchase 
of this property. 

Among the favorable incidents in the brief history of this mission, 
it may be noted that some of the former pupils in the mission schools 
in China were found in California. They were predisposed to give a 
hearty reception to one whose character and motives were at once 
understood by them. Another favorable providence was the return to 
China of an influential man, whose influence would have been strongly 
arrayed against the mission, and the choice as his successor, to be the 
head of a company or association of Chinese, of a man who looked 
with a friendly eye upon these efforts for the benefit of his people. 
Afterwards a few Christians were found, who had been received into 
the church by missionaries in their native land. Their conduct appears 
to have been worthy of their profession ; they rested from work on the 
Sabbath, even at the mines, and met together for religious worship ; 
but their wandering life prevented their forming a regular congrega- 



tion. In the early- part of the present year, Mr. Speer was permitted 
to organize a church at San Francisco, with four Chinese communi- 
cants, one of whom was ordained as a ruling elder. Thus an auspicious 
beginning has been made. 

The future influence of this mission will of course depend to a consider- 
able extent on the number of Chinese who may seek a temporary or a 
permanent home in our land. There are causes which render it not 
unlikely that large numbers of them w^ill come to this country. Some 
of these have been already referred to ; others need not be here speci- 
fied. On the other hand, their emigration may be checked, as indeed it 
was for a time, by the harsh and un-American treatment which they 
met with from some of our countrymen — or more likely from some of 
the reprobate foreigners. The impositions to which they are subject 
at the mines will go far to deter them from remaining, and to prevent 
others from coming. These oppressions are disgraceful to those who 
are guilty of them ; but with a better tone of morals at the mines, 
every thing of this kind must cease. It seems quite clear that our 
countrymen should encourage and not repel the immigration of the Chi- 
nese. They will form a most valuable class of laborers, being indus- 
trious, peaceable, and frugal. It may easily come to pass that the 
Chinese will to a large extent supplant the Negroes, in the cultivation 
of rice, cotton, and the sugar-cane. They will be found to be a supe- 
rior class of laborers, and every way less expensive. Their employ- 
ment in this country, not merely in the mines of California, nor in the 
slave States of the South, but in many avocations in all the States, 
especially as servants, may become obviously desirable and quite expe- 
dient to our own citizens, while it will afford a comfortable subsistence 
to myriads of our now half-starving fellow-creatures in China. Above 
all, it will bring them within the reach of Christian instruction and 
example, and result in the salvation of multitudes of them in our own 
day and in ages to come. The wonderful ordering of Providence that 
has already brought so many of them to our shores should awaken 
attention to their condition, and to the claims on the missionary efforts 
of the churches of the great nation whom they represent. 



VII 



MISSIONS AMONG EOMAN CATHOLICS 



*• ®ome out of "itex, ms ijeojjle." 



The foreign work of evangelization falls within the province of 
the Board, as constituted by the General Assembly. Its sphere of 
labor is not restricted to Pagan or Mohammedan nations, but includes 
all in foreign countries who stand in need of the gospel, so far as they 
may be brought by Providence before the Church as objects of her 
benevolence. In 1845, it was considered important to support mis- 
sions among the Eoman Catholic inhabitants of some of the European 
states. 

The Papal Church and also the Greek Church must be regarded as 
corrupt and fallen Christian bodies. Most of their members are hardly 
less in need of the gospel than the followers of Zoroaster or Confucius. 
The Budhist religion contains little more of actual idolatry than may 
be sometimes witnessed in the Papal worship ; indeed, there is such a 
close and singular resemblance between the monks and nuns and rites 
of the two systems, that the Eomanist missionaries in the Bast have 
been greatly perplexed by it, and hindered in their attempts to prose- 
lyte the Budhists to the western faith. Most of the Eomanists wor- 
ship Mary not less than our Lord and Saviour, and trust in her inter- 
cession and that of other fellow-creatures, as having a prevailing power 
with God, while they rely for salvation on the performance of certain 
external rites. The Bible is not permitted by their religious rulers to 
be their guide ; — but it is not needful to enumerate proofs to establish 
the essentially un-christian and anti-christian character of the Papal 



system. And the same view must be taken of the Greek rehgious 
system. We would charitably hope that many of the members of 
these bodies are true Christians, not perceiving or not adopting the 
fatal errors of their churches. But of the ignorant masses in Eussia, 
France, Spain, Portugal, Mexico, and the South American States, we 
can form no opinion that would go to exonerate Christians of a purer 
iaith from the duty of seeking their salvation by missionary labors, in 
so far as these may be practicable. 

This view of the duty of the Protestant Church is the more impres- 
sive, because of the vast numbers of our fellow-men whom it contem- 
plates. Nearly a fifth part of the human family is in bondage to the 
Greek and Papal churches. Moreover, some of these corrupt Chris- 
tian states exert a powerful influence over other nations. Eussia and 
Prance are leading powers in the old world ; and each appears to 
be the protector and the propagandist of the giant systems of religious 
error severally prevailing in these countries. Other Eoman Catholic 
nations are specially related to our own country, — some, like Ireland 
and Germany, by the streams of emigration which they are sending 
to our shores ; others, like Mexico and the South American repub- 
lics, by near geographical position, and by their having attempted 
to form the same political institutions with our own. The failure of 
these republics must be ascribed mainly to the Eoman Catholic religion 
of their inhabitants, a religion which withholds the knowledge and 

67 



58 



MANUAL OF MISSIONS. 



the mental liberty necessary to every kind of well-ordered goyernment, 
and indispensable to tlie success of a republic in our age. 

These fallen Christian nations, therefore, present an important sphere 
for evangelical missions, and should be regarded with deep interest by 
the churches of our coimtry. It wiU not be found expedient, however, 
to conduct the missionary work amongst them in the same method as 
among pagan nations. The peculiar circumstances of each people 
must be well considered. The same plan of action will not equally 
suit France and New Granada. In some countries the door is open 
to chaplains for Protestant residents and visitors, who would be brought 
more or less in contact with the Romanist population. At some places, 
schools might be established, which if conducted prudently would afford 
many opportunities of diffusing evangelical truth. In others, native 
Protestants have legal rights, and may in various ways disseminate their 
religious opinions. In most, the Holy Scriptures may be circulated by 
judicious measures. In aU, we may hope that the restrictions now 
imposed on free religious discussion will eventually be removed. This 
will certainly be done when the power of the Pope and the Russian 
Autocrat is broken ; and broken it surely will be, for it is arrayed 
against the King of kings. It cannot stand. 

The first measure adopted by the Board in this field of labor was 
that of placing funds in the hands of certain Christian friends in 
Europe, to be employed at their discretion in the work of evangeliza- 
tion. In the aggregate, between forty and fifty thousand dollars have 
been remitted for this purpose to Paris, Geneva, Belgium, and Italy. 
The Christian brethren to whom these funds have been intrusted are 
men who hold the doctrines commonly known as Calvinistic, and whose , 
views of church order are essentially Presbyterian. Their position in 



the midst of their own people gives them the means of employing 
these missionary funds to the best advantage, whether in the sup- 
port of evangelists and colporteurs, or in the circulation of the Sacred 
Scriptures and other evangelical publications. The published reports 
and letters of these Christian friends have abundantly shown, that 
this method of promoting the cause of Christ on the continent of 
Europe deserves to be vigorously prosecuted. ""It is not likely that 
it will soon become expedient to send missionaries from this coun- 
try to these Romanist nations. They would be objects of jealousy 
and suspicion, and their imperfect acquaintance with the language and 
usages of the people would stand in the way of their usefulness. The 
plan of proceeding adopted has the merit of being efficient, moreover, 
without involving much expense for conducting its details. 

An apparent exception to this line of policy has been made, by the 
appointment of a member of one of the Presbyteries to labor as a mis- 
sionary among Roman Catholics in Ireland. But this appointment 
was made under somewhat special circumstances, and is regarded 
rather as an experiment than as a precedent. 

The Board would be willing, however, and is desirous, to send mis- 
sionaries to some places on the borders of Mexico, the Isthmus of 
Panama, and in some of the South American States. A minister was 
appointed at one time to a station on the Isthmus of Panama, but the 
state of his health induced him eventually to decline entering upon 
this work. A minister of the Presbytery of New York has been sent 
lately to Buenos Ayres, South America, where it is hoped he will find 
the way prepared for direct and indirect labors in the work of evan- 
gelization. Other important places might be occupied by men of 
suitable qualifications. 



VIII. 



MISSIONS AMONG THE JEWS. 



"^11 Bsrael sjljall iie sabelr." 



The field of missionary labor among the Israelites seems to fall 
within the province of the Board, on a subjective rather than a geo- 
graphical view of its sphere of action. This singular people may be 
regarded as foreigners in all lands, except the land to which they are 
so devotedly attached, while in it they are less at home than in most 
other countries. The peculiar qualifications required by missionaries 
amongst them may be considered as one of the reasons for placing this 
department of the evangelistic work of the Church under the direction 
of the Foreign Board. These qualifications are, in important respects, 
foreign to the usual routine of preparation for preaching the gospel to 
our own countrymen. Missionaries to the Jews must first acquire a 
knowledge of their vernacular language, which in comparatively few 
instances is the English ; and they must add to this a careful study of 
Eabbinical and Talmudical learning, as well as of the peculiar opinions 
and usages which prevail amongst them. The work itself of mission- 
aries to the Jews in our cities is nearly the same as would devolve on 
them, if they were stationed in some foreign country. 

Whether they live in our own cities, or in Europe, Africa or Asia, the 
Jews will be found a singular, difiicult, but not hopeless class of hearers 
of the gospel. In some respects they are the same people wherever 
they are found, agreeing especially in acknowledging the true God, and, 
alas ! in disowning still their Lord and Saviour ; but, in other respects, 
they differ widely from each other. Some adhere rigidly to the Mosaic 



system, ritual as well as moral ; but most add to this the observance of 
the traditions of the Eabbis, or of what they term the oral law of their 
great prophet. Others have become widely latitudinarian, putting a 
rationalistic construction on the writings of Moses. Many are 
extremely ignorant, and are the subjects of superstition. Not a few 
have launched, without compass or helm, into the regions of scepticism. 
But whatever views may have been adopted by them, or whatever the 
circumstances in which they are fotmd, they are all alike remarkable 
for not being at rest. They are wanderers, unsettled, restless. And 
never will they find rest until they comply with our Lord's invitation : 
" Come unto me, all ye that labor and are heavy laden, and I will give 
you rest. Take my yoke upon you, and learn of me ; for I am meek 
and lowly in heart ; and ye shall find rest unto your souls. For my 
yoke is easy, and my burden is light." Matthew xi. 28-30. 

The first missionary to the Jews appointed by the Board was the 
Eev. Matthew E. Miller, who entered on his work in 1846. His 
appointment was made with the expectation of his occupying a station 
in some country abroad ; but it was considered expedient for him to 
acquire the German language and some knowledge of Eabbinical 
Hebrew, previous to his leavmg his native country. The best facilities 
for studying these are easily within reach in this city, and for 
some time he was under the instructions of an eminent German Jewish 
Eabbi, and had his lodgings in a German Jewish family. While pre- 
ss 



60 



MANUAL, OF MISSIONS. 



secutmg these preparatory studies, mucli information was obtained 
concerning the Jewish population of this country. It was found that 
their numbers were considerable — over 20,000 at that time, and esti- 
mated now at about 30,000 ; and that here they are not less, if not 
more, accessible to a Christian missionary than in most cities abroad ; 
while hardly any systematic efforts were in progress to direct their 
minds to Him who is the hope of Israel. Under these circumstances 
it seemed to be expedient that Mr. Miller should be stationed in 
New York, where he entered zealously upon his work, but made 
occasional visits to Jews in other places. He was able to maintain 
considerable intercourse with individuals, some of them Eabbis. He 
wrote numerous articles on particular points of the Jewish controversy, 
some of which were inserted in Jewish periodicals, and a Tract on 
Christianity, as the true development of the Hebrew religious system. 

In 1848 the Eev. John Neander was associated with Mr. Miller in 
New York. In 1849, the Rev. Bernard Steiathal was appointed to 
labor among the Jews in Philadelphia, and in 1850 the Rev. Frederick 
I. Neuhaus among the Jews in Baltimore. In 1852 Mr. Miller was com- 
pelled by the state of 'his health to withdraw from this work. In 1853 
Mr. Julius Strauss, a licentiate preacher, received a temporary ap- 
pointment to labor in New York. The missionaries now employed 
are all Jews by birth and Germans in language, though also speaking 
English. 

It has been found to be quite impracticable to collect the Jews 
together for religious services, and the work of the missionary has to 
be performed on the colporteur system, as it was adopted and is still 
followed in Europe ; that is, visits are made at the houses of Jews, con- 
versations are held with them, the Scriptures and Christian tracts are 
placed in their hands, kindness is shown to them, and opportunities for 
exerting a Christian influence over them are carefully sought and 
improved. Labors of this kind have been steadily conducted for 
some time. No doubt much good seed has been thus sown, and 
though much of it should bear no fruit, there is pleasing evidence 
that some of it has not been lost. One of the converts is now pursuing 
studies with a view to the Christian ministry. A few others appear to 
be walking worthy of their Christian profession. The missionaries, 



however, have to take up the language of the prophet, " Who hath 
believed our report ? And to whom is the arm of the Lord revealed ?" 

That faithful efforts should be made by the Church for the conver- 
sion of the Jews, appears to be a very plain duty. It may be conceded 
that, as a people, they are enduring the anger of God for the great sin 
of rejecting our blessed Lord ; yet we learn nowhere in the Scriptures 
that Christians are appointed to be the executioners of the divine 
justice upon them, while, on the other hand, the commission of every 
Christian minister requires him to preach the gospel to every creature, 
to Jew no less than to Gentile. By conceding that as a people the 
Jews are suffering the divine displeasure, we do not admit that there is 
not still among them a remnant according to the election of grace ; 
and these are to be brought unto Christ by the means which God has 
appointed for the salvation of elect sinners, of whatever race or 
tongue. We look for no special dispensation on behalf of the Jews. 
We believe in no new kingdom of grace, differing for the Jews from 
the old kingdom of grace, of which the apostles, the martyrs, and the 
saints of every age and nation have been the willing subjects. 

And yet our missions among the Jews should be carried forward 
under the encouragement afforded by the promise, that with the ful- 
ness of the Gentiles all Israel shall be saved. Their dispersion over 
the face of the earth, moreover, imparts special interest to our 
missionary labors among them. They are found everywhere, bound 
together by a common chord, so that a blow struck against them in 
Damascus vibrates through the whole body, and is deeply felt in New 
York, London, Berlin, or Calcutta. They are in important respects 
like the natives of the countries where they sojourn. In Germany, they 
speak German ; in Persia, they speak Persian ; in short, they are com- 
monly acquainted with the vernacular tongue of the people amongst 
whom they dwell, and also with the customs, mode of life, and ways of 
the country. Let the Jews then become converted to Chi-ist, and in 
every land they will be ready to preach the faith which now they deny. 
Planted by Providence in all lands, qualified by language and expe- 
rience to enter without delay on the work of evangelization, they 
may yet become invaluable agents in the spread of the Saviour's 
name amonfcst all nations. 



IX. 



THE UNEYANGELIZED NATIONS 



"Srjere rematnetj) jjet beta mutj lanli to he posaessett." 



A MAP of the world, painted in light or dark colors, according to the 
prevalence or absence of the knowledge of God, presents a picture 
deeply shaded. It is indeed a picture to affect deeply every Christian 
heart. The darkness spreads over a larger extent of the earth than the 
light ; even the light in many broad regions is not the pure rays of the 
sun, but is darkened by the atmosphere of Mecca or of Rome. 

Amongst some of the gloomiest parts of the earth, the Church of 
Christ has now her missionaries, laboring to spread abroad the light 
of the gospel. In another chapter, a general view of missionary statis- 
tics wiU be given ; in this, an attempt wiU be made to enumerate most 
of the tribes and nations for whom the Protestant Church has not yet 
entered upon the work of missions, or has engaged in this work to a 
very limited extent. 

Beginning with our own contiaent, and with our nearest heathen 
neighbors, we find numerous tribes of Indians, amongst whom no mis- 
sionary efforts have been commenced. If the reader will refer to Map 
No. III.* he wUl find the districts occupied by the more important of 
these tribes. 

* This map has been reduced from Captain Eastman's map, in the Third Part of the 
"History ... of the Indian Tribes in the United States, by H. E. Schoolcraft, LL.D. 
Published under direction of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs." A few corrections 
have been made in it. Captain Eastman's map was con^iled in 1852 ; and it may be 
taken as the most satisfactory view of the location of the Indian Tribes that has yet been 
published. 



It is difficult to obtain accurate statistics of the numbers of the 
Indians, but from the estimates published in Dr. Schoolcraft's work, 
which are the returns made by agents and others to the Indian Depart- 
ment, we take the following particulars : 

Indians in Oregon : Estimate in 18.51, - - - - 6,500 
" " Flat-heads, Snakes, and others, not 

included above, - - - - 16,000 
Indians in California, North-western tribes : Estimate in 

1851, 9,080 

" " In other parts of the State, - - 90,000 

Indians in Utah, 12,000 

Indians in New-Mexico, Pueblos : Estimate in 1851, - 18,717 

" " Apaches, Navajos, etc., - - 27,000 

Indians in Texas, Comanches : Estimate in 1851 of the 

Indian Agent, and regarded by 

him as exaggerated, - - . 20,000 

" " Other tribes, same estimate, - - 2,500 

Cheyennes, 3,000 

Dacotahs or Sioux bands, having no missionaries — 

Brulle, Tancton, Two-Kettle, Tanctonais, etc., - 15,640 

Aricarees, 1,500 

Mandans, 150 

GrosYentres, 700 

61 



62 



MANUAL OF MISSIONS. 



Assinoboins, 8,000 

Crows, of twelve small bands, one of which, the Eoot- 

Diggers, was originally a band of Snake Indians, 4,800 

Blackfeet, 10,800 



246,387* 



Some of the Indian tribes in British, and all in Russian 
America, are in like manner without the means of grace, as 
are the Indians of Mexico and South America, who are 
mostly under the influence of Roman Catholic priests. It. 
is not practicable to form a reliable estimate of the num- 
bers of the British, Russian, and Spanish American In- 
dians. The Indians in Patagonia and the adjacent islands 
have been estimated at 120,000. The Indians in Spanish 
American States are included in the returns of the inhabit- 
ants of those countries. 

Leaving the Aborigines, we turn to the large Roman 
Catholic population, extending from Mexico to Patagonia. 
Some Protestant ministers occupy points far distant from 
each other, and are laboring mostly amongst English and 
American residents and sailors, though they may exert 
some influence indirectly on the native inhabitants; their 
mmiber does not probably reach half a score. We must 
enumerate, as destitute of missionaries : 



* The Commissioner of Indian Affairs, in the Eeport of December, 1853, estimates the 
number of Indians east of the Mississippi at 18,000; and In Minnesota, and along the 
frontiers of the States to Texas, including the Indian Territory, at 110,000. Most of 
these haye missionary agencies amongst them, though often of a most imperfect and 
limited kind. The same officer estimates the whole number of Indians in the States 
and Territories at 400,000. The returns here given amount in all to about 375,000, viz.: 

Tribes enumerated above, as without missionaries, 246,387 

Commissioner of Indian Affairs' Estimate, for the States east of the Missis- 
sippi, and the frontiers, ---. - 128,000 



374,387 



Mexico, 7,138,000 

Central America, .... 2,146,000 

New Granada, 1,686,000 

Venezuela, 1,000,000 

Bquador, - - - - - - 600,000 

Bolivia, - -' - - - - 1,030,000 

Peru, - 1,400,000 

Chili, 1,200,000 

Buenos Ayres, 1,600,000 

Uruguay, 250,000 

Paraguay, 270,000 

Brazil, 7,000,000 

In the West Indies : 

Hayti,* 900,000 

Cuba, Spanish, 1,007,000 

Porto Rico, Spanish, ... 359,000 

Guadaloupe, French, - - - 127,000 

Martinique, French, - - - . 118,000 

Guiana, (on the Continent,) French, - 21,000 

Crossing over to Africa, we find no mis- 
sionaries, except as noted in — 

Morocco, 8,500,000 

Algiers, 2,808,000 

Tunis, 2,220,000 

Tripoli and Barca, .... 800,000 

Beled el Jerid, 900,000 

[These are the Barbary States, and the 
Jews form a considerable part of this pop- 
ulation, amongst whom there are two mis- 
sionaries. The rest are Mohammedans, 
excepting the French in Algiers, some 
80,000.] 



25,320,000 



2,532,000 



* There are small English Baptist and Wesleyan missions in HaytL 



THE UNEVANGELIZED NATIONS. 



63 



Egypt* 2,895,000 

Nubia, 500,000 

The Great Desert, - - - - - 300,000 

Soudan, ------ 10,000-,000 

Borgoo, Darfour, &c., - - - 1,200,000 

Abyssinia, 3,000,000 

Eastern Africa,! - - - - 3,000,000 

Ethiopia, ------ 3,000,000 

African Islands, Madagascar, &c., - 5,100,000 
To these may be added several countries 
in which the missionary force yet em- 
ployed is very limited, viz : 

Senegambia, ----- 7,000,000 

Upper Guinea, 5,500,000 

Lower Guinea, 4,500,000 



Proceeding to Asia, we may enumerate — 

Asiatic Eussia, including Georgia, &c., 4,562,000 

Independent Turkey, - - - 6,500,000 

Arabia, 8,000,000 

Persia, 9,000,000 

Afghanistan, 6,000,000 

Belochistan, 1,500,000 

Anam, or Cochin China and Cambodia, 9,000,000 

Japan, 30,000,000 

To these should be added many districts 

in India, not having a missionary station, 50,000,000 

And nearly all of the Chinese Empire, 
including Thibet, Chinese Tartary, &c., 
missions being formed only at six places 
on the Southern Coast, - - - 300,000,000 



61,223,000 



424,562,000 



* There is a missionary at Cairo amongst the Copts, and two missionaries amongst 
the Jews at Tanglers and Tunis, 
t There are two or three missionaries at Momhas, on the Eastern coast. 



In the Asiatic, Australasian, and Poly- 
nesian Islands, a large population remains 
in spiritual darkness. Our information of 
many of these islands is very limited, but 
we may specify as without missions — 
The Philippines, . - - - 3,000,000 

Sumatra, 3,000,000 

Molucca and Spice Islands, - - 1,000,000 
New Guinea, New Caledonia, &c., - 600,000 

Pelew, Ladrone, and others, - - 190,000 

To these may be added, as supplied with 
but a very limited missionary agency, — 
Java, - - , - - - - 9,530,000 

Borneo, 3,000,000 

Celebes,- 2,000,000 



To this long list of nations and tribes 
to whom the gospel has not yet been 
preached, we must add the Greek and 
Eoman Catholic nations in Europe. The 
population of Eussia in Europe, most of 
Austria and of several German States, 
Italy, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Prance, 
Belgium, and the larger part of Ireland 
is, either wholly or in great part, under 
bondage to the Pope and the Patriarch 
or Emperor. To a large extent the in- 
habitants of these nations are inacces- 
sible to the Christian missionary, though 
amongst some of them the door is now 
open. Changes are in rapid progress, 
and we may hope that many years will 
not pass away before the gospel shall 
be freely published in these lands. This 
Greek and Papal population we may 
estimate at 185,000,000. 



22,230,000 



64 



MANUAL OF MISSIONS, 



A general summary of the preceding statistics is as follows : 

Indians in the United States and Territories,- - 246,000 

" British and Russian Territories, - 100,000 

" Patagonia and islands, - - - 120,000 

Spanish American States, 25,320,000 

West Indies, • - - 2,532,000 

Africa, 61,223,000 

Asia, 424,562,000 

Islands in the China Sea and Pacific Ocean, - - 22,230,000 

Greeks and Roman Catholics in Europe, - - 185,000,000 

•721,333,000 

If the Chinese census of 360,000,000 be received as correct, the 
whole population of the earth may be estimated at not less than one 
thousand millions. According to the preceding statistics, therefore, 
nearly three-fourths of the human family live in regions that are des- 



titute of evangelical preaching. A still larger number are in bondage 
to false religious systems, as is shown by the following Tables :* 

EELIGIONS OF MANKIND. 

Paganism, 600,000,000 

Mohammedanism, 120,000,000 

Judaism, 5,000,000 

Christianity, 2*75,000,000 

1,000,000,000 

CHRISTIANS. 

Protestant, 85,000,000 

Armenian, Nestorian, &c., .... 5,000,000 

Greek, - 50,000,000 

Romanist, 135,000,000 

275,000,000 
* These figures can te regarded only as general Estimates, and not as exact Eetoms. 



X. 



A GENERAL YIEW OF PROTESTANTMISSIOIS. 



"^11 tjeg flalljer tgemselbes toaetSer, tftev came to arjee." 



While darkness rests upon many nations, there are signs of approach- 
ing day. The last chapter contained statistics of tribes and people in 
a great measure destitute of missionary agency ; in this, some general 
statistics will be given of Protestant missions in unevangelized coun- 
tries. These must be brief and imperfect, yet they will serve to show 
that agood work is in progress — a work which, we believe, God will 
bless more and more, until " the earth shall be full of the knowledge 
of the Lord as the waters cover the sea." 

The returns made out by Missionary Societies are not prepared on 
the same plan. Some enumerate only the male laborers, others include 
the female. The common but not invariable usage of the American 
Societies is to report the wives of ministers as assistant missionaries, as 
no doubt they are in a high degree, but this is seldom done by Euro- 
pean Societies. Some enumerate missionaries and assistant mission- 
aries, without distinguishing the number of each class. Some report 
as missionaries all who are in the service of the Society, though the 
labors of many are devoted to their own countrymen, and they might 
properly be classed as domestic missionaries. In the following returns, 
an enumeration is attempted of those only who are laboring among 
people to whom the gospel has not been preached. Again, the views 
of missionaries are not uniform as to the admission of communicants 
to the Lord's Table. And in some instances, no returns of communi- 
cants and scholars are given. These and other causes must prevent 



any complete enumeration of missionary statistics. The details given 
in this chapter can be regarded only as conveying a general idea of the 
missionary work. 

They have been taken from the Annual Reports of the following 
Societies, viz. : American Board of Foreign Missions, Boston ; Ame- 
rican Indian Mission Association, Louisville ; American Missionary 
Association, New York ; American Christian Union, New York ; 
Baptist Missionary Union, Boston ; Baptist Southern Board of 
Foreign Missions, Richmond ; Episcopal Board of Foreign Missions, 
New York ; Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 
North, New York ; Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church, South, Louisville ; Board of Foreign Missions of the Presby- 
terian Church, New York ; Baptist, Church, Gospel Propagation, 
London, and Wesleyan Missionary Societies, London — aU of the year 
1853, except the Presbyterian Board and the Methodist Society, South, 
which are of 1854 ; Missionary Register, London, 1853^, and a few 
other sources. No attempt has been made to collect the statistics of 
English and Ajnerican missions among the Roman Catholic populations 
of Europe, nor of the missions to the Jews in Europe. A complete 
enumeration of these would include in France, Belgium, etc., as the 
main agency in the work of missions, the Protestant churches of those 
countries, which however could not properly be classified as foreign 
missions. 

65 



66 



MANUAL OF MISSIONS 



Following the geographical arrangement adopted in the last chap- 
ter, this sui'vey must begin with missions to 

THE AMERICAN INDIANS. 

American Board :* among the Senecas and Tuscaroras, Western 
New Tork ; the Abenaquis, Canada ; the Ojibwas or Chippewas,Wis- 
consin ; the Dacotahs or Sioux, Minnesota ; and the Cherokees and 
Choctaws in the Indian Ten-itory — ordained missionaries, 21 ; native 
preachers, 3 ; assistant missionaries, 83, — of whom some are natives ; 
communicants, between 1,500 and 2,000 ; scholars, about 500. 

American Missionary Association :f among the Ojibwas or Chip- 
pewas, in Minnesota Territory — ordained missionaries, 2 ; physician, 
1 ; assistant missionaries, 16. 

Baptist Missionakt Union : % among the Ojibwas or Chippewas, 
and the Ottawas in Michigan, and the Shawnees, Delawares, and Otta- 
was in the Indian Territory — ordained missionaries, 6 ; assistant 
missionaries, 10 — some of whom are natives ; communicants, 107 ; 
scholars, 131. 

Baptist Indian Missionary Association :g among the Pottawato- 
mies, Weas, Creeks, and Choctaws, in the Indian Territory — ordained 
missionaries, 11 — of whom 4 are Indians ; assistant missionaries, 14 ; 
communicants, about 1,500 ; scholars, — . 

Episcopal : The Eeport of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 
1853, refers to a church of this denomination among the Oneidas in 
Michigan, and a mission among the Chippewas in Minnesota — ordained 
missionary, 1 ; assistant missionaries, 8. 

Episcopal, English Church Missionary Society : ordained mission- 
aries, 9 — one of them a native ; assistant missionaries, 11 — most of 
them natives, at the Red River settlement and nine other stations, in 



* The organ of the Congregational, New Sohool Presbyterian and Eetbrmed Butch 
Churches. 

t The organ of churches conducting missions on the hasis of opposition to slavery, as 
in itself and under all circumstances sinful. 

i The organ of the regular Baptist churches in the Northern States. 

§ The organ of Baptist churches in the Southern States. 



the British possessions north of Minnesota Territory ; communicants, 
501 ; scholars, 724. 

The Friends, in the Baltimore, Ohio and Indiana Yearly Meetings : 
a manual labor boarding-school among the Shawnees in the Indian 
Territory ; scholars, 20 — who read the New Testament as a class-book 
every day. Fifty scholars are in the " first-day school." Assistant 
missionaries, 5. See Report, Com. Indian Affairs, 1853. 

Methodist, North : among the Oneidas and Ottawas in Michigan, 
and among the Wyandots, Shawnees, Delawares and Cherokees in the 
Indian Territory — missionaries, 17 ; communicants, 1,051. 

Methodist, South : among the Kansas, Shawnees, Wyandots, De- 
lawares, Kickapoos, Cherokees, Creeks, and Choctaws — missionaries, 
28 ; coromunicants, 3,518 ; scholars, in nine manual labor schools, 490. 

Methodist, English Wesleyan : among the Indians in the Hudson's 
Bay Company's Territories — stations, 4 ; missionaries, 2 ; assistant 
missionaries, 4 ; communicants, 120 ; scholars, 74. 

Moravians or United Brethren : among the Delawares in Upper 
CanaSa, and among the same tribe in the Indian Territory — stations, 
2 ; among the Cherokees in the Indian Territory — stations, 2 ; breth- 
ren, 8 ; sisters, 7 ; " under instruction," 407. In Greenland and among 
the Esquimaux in Labrador — stations, 4 ; brethren, 31 ; sisters, 20 ; 
under instruction, 3,400 ; communicants, 1,230. 

Presbyterian : among the Chippewas in Michigan, the Omahas and 
Otoes in Nebraska Territory, and the lowas and Sacs, the Creeks, 
Semmoles, Choctaws, and Chickasaws, in the Indian Territory — 
ordained missionaries, 8 ; male and female assistant missionaries, 58 — 
some of whom are natives ; communicants, 85 ; scholars, 538. 

SPANISH-AMERICAN STATES. 
American Christian Union :* at Valparaiso — ordained missionary, 
1 ; at Panama — lay missionary, 1. 
American Seaman's Friend : at Panama — ordained missionary, 1. 
American Union and American Sbakan's Friend : at Valpa- 



* The organ chiefly of the Congregational, New School Preshyterian, and Eeformed 
Dutch Churches. 



A GENERAL VIEW OF PROTESTANT MISSIONS, 



67 



raiso — ordained missionary, 1 ; at Eio de Janeiro — ordained mission- 
ary, 1. 

RIethodist, North : at Buenos Ayres — ordained missionary, 1. 

Methodist, Englisli Wesleyan : at Belize and Oaribtown, Honduras 
Bay — missionaries, 2 ; communicants, 503 ; scholars, 326. 

Moravian : in Nicaragua, or the Mosquito Coast — ^brethren, 3 ; 
sister, 1. 

Pkesbyterian : at Buenos Ayres — ordained missionary, 1. 

GUIANA AiSTD THE WEST INDIES. 

AvtEEicAN Association : in Jamaica — ordained missionaries, 6 ; 
male and female assistant missionaries, 17 ; communicants, about 300 ; 
scholars, 513. j,'"^^^^ - 

American Union : in Hayti — ordained missionary, 1. 

Baptist, English : in Hayti, Trinidad, and the Bahamas — ^mission- 
aries, 7 ; native preachers, 24 ; native assistant teachers, 201 ; com- 
municants, 2,656 ; scholars, 753 ; Sabbath-school scholars, 2039. The 
churches in Jamaica, not now assisted by the Society, report T5,353 
communicants. 

Episcopal, English Chm-ch Missionary Society : in British G-uiana 
— ordained missionary, 1 ; assistant missionaries, 2 ; communicants, 72 ; 
scholars, 102. 

Episcopal, English Gospel Propagation Society : in Jamaica, the 
Bahamas, Antigua, Barbadoes, and British Guiana — ordained mission- 
aries, 33, 

Independent, London Missionary Society : in British Guiana and 
Jamaica — ordained missionaries, 18 ; native assistants, 11 ; commu- 
nicants, about 4,000 ; scholars, 3,000. 

Methodist, English "Wesleyan : in British Guiana, Antigua, St. 
Christopher's, Dominica, Montserrat, Nevis, St. Eustatius, St. Bar- 
tholomew's, St. Martin's, Tortola, Anegada, Anguilla, St. Vincent's, 
Trinidad, Tobago, Barbadoes, Jamaica, the Bahamas, and Hayti — 
missionaries and assistant missionaries, 84; communicants, 48,144; 
scholars in day-schools, about 9,500. 

Moravian : in the islands of St. Thomas, St. John, St. Croix, 
Jamaica, Antigua, St. Christopher's or St. Kitts, Barbadoes, Tobago, 



and in Surinam or Dutch Guiana — in 1852, brethren, 87 ; sisters, 
76 ; under instruction, 59,596, of whom about 17,000 were communi- 
cants. 

Presbyterian, Scotch United Secession Chm-ch : in Jamaica and 
Trinidad — ordained missionaries, 23 ; communicants, 3,900 ; scholars, 
about 3,000. 

AFRICA— NORTH AND EAST. 

Episcopal, English Church Missionary Society : at Cairo, Egypt — 
ordained missionary, 1 ; teachers, 4, three of whom are natives ; at 
Eabbai Mpi, (Mombas,) a few degrees south of the equator — ordained 
missionaries, 3. London Jews' Society : at Tanjiers — ordained mis- 
sionary, 1. 

Independent, British Jews' Society : at Tunis — ^missionary, 1 ; 
assistant, 1. 

AFRICA— WEST. 

American Board : Gaboon river, near the equator — stations, 3 ; 
ordained missionaries, 6 ; physician, 1 ; female assistant missionaries, 7 ; 
native helpers, 4 ; communicants, about 20 ; scholars, 50. 

American Association ; among the Mendians, near Sierra Leone — 
ordained missionaries, 3 ; male and female assistant missionaries, 14. 

Baptist, Missionary Union : among the Bassas, in Liberia — ordained 
missionaries, 2 ; female assistant missionaries, 4 ; communicants, 16 ; 
scholars, 46 ; in Sunday-school, 60. 

Baptist, Southern Board : in Liberia at Cape Palmas, Since, 
Monrovia, and ten other stations — missionaries and teachers, 19 ; com- 
municants, about 600 ; scholars, about 400 ; in the Toruba country, 
missionaries, 4. 

Baptist, English : on the island of Fernando Po, and at one or two 
stations on the coast of the mainland — missionary, 1 ; assistant mission- 
aries, 4 ; native assistant, 1 ; conmiunicants, 122 ; scholars, 280. 

Episcopal : at Cape Palmas and neighboring places — ordained mis- 
sionaries, 12 ;. physician, 1 ; male and female assistant missionaries, 17 ; 
native teachers, 2. 

Episcopal, English Church Missionary Society : in Sierra Leone, 
the Timneh country at a station sixty miles east of Freetown, and in 



68 



MANUAL OF MISSIONS. 



tlieToruba country at Abbeokuta, Badagry,and other places — ordained 
missionaries, 27, of whom 4 are natives ; assistant missionaries, 87, 
nearly all natives ; communicants, 2,976 ; scholars, 5,822. 

German : Basle Society, at Akropong and Danish Accra — Ham- 
burgh >Society, at Cape Coast — ^missionaries, 3 ; church members, 20 ; 
scholars, 220. 

Methodist, North : in Liberia — ^missionaries, 20 ; teachers, 20 ; 
communicants, 1,301, of whom 115 are natives; scholars in the 
academy, boarding and day-schools, 811, of whom 127 are natives. 
Two of the teachers are white persons. The missionaries include all 
the ministers in charge of congregations of the Methodist Church, 
North, in Liberia. 

Methodist, English Wesleyan : on the Gambia river. Sierra Leone, 
Gold Coast, and Kingdom of Ashantee — missionaries and assistant 
missionaries, 17 ; communicants, 8,021 ; scholars, 4,320. 

Peesbytesian : in Liberia, and on the island of Corisco — ordained 
missionaries, 6 ; licentiate preacher, 1 ; teachei-s, 2 — of whom one mis- 
sionary, the licentiate, and the teachers, are colored persons : church 
members, about 120 ; scholars, about 150. 

Pkesbyteeian, Scotch United Secession Church : at Old Calabar, 
100 miles east of the Delta of the Niger, three stations, one of which is 
70 miles from the sea — ordained missionaries, 4 ; male and female 
assistant missionaries, 6 ; native assistants, 6. 

AFRICA— SOUTH. 

American Board : among the Zulus — ordained missionaries, 13 ; 
assistant missionary, 1 ; female assistant missionaries, 15 ; native help- 
ers, 9 ; communicants, 164 ; scholars, 155. 

Episcopal, English Gospel Propagation Society : among the heathen 
and Mohammedans at Cape Town, and at Natal — ordained missionaries, 
2 ; catechists, 2 ; agriculturist, 1 ; in a school among the Hottentots in 
'^-eorge District, 140 scholars. 

French Protestant : among the Hottentots, Bassouto Bechuanas, 
and the Bechuanas — ordained missionaries, 15 ; assistant missionaries, 
3 ; communicants, 855 : scholars, 360. 



German Protestant : Ehenish Missionary Society — ^missionaries, 
22 ; assistants and native catechists, 8 ; communicants, 1,239 ; scho- 
lars, 620. Berlin Missionary Society — missionaries, 14; "baptized," 
907 ; scholars, 418. 

Independent, London Missionary Society : among the Hottentots, 
CaSres, Bosjesmans, and Bechuanas — ordained missionaries, 24 ; assist- 
ant missionaries, 3 ; communicants, 3,747 ; scholars, 3,387. In Mau- 
ritius — ordamed missionaries, 3. 

Methodist, English Wesleyan : in the colony, and in Caffi-aria — 
missionaries and assistant missionaries, 39 ; communicants, of whom 
however a large number are colonists, about 5,000 ; scholars, about 
7,400. 

Moravians : among the Hottentots and Caffres — ^brethren, 27 ; sis- 
ters, 24 ; " under care," 6,560. 

Norwegian Protestant : near Port Natal — ^missionaries, 4. 

Presbyterian, Scotch Free Church : at Cape T"wr> and in C?.f- 
fraria — ordained missionaries, 6 ; communicants, 88. United Secession 
Chur4i : in Cafiraria — ordained missionaries, 2 ; communicants, about 
100. 

ASIA— WESTERN AND ADJACENT PARTS OF EUROPE. 

American Board : among the Armenians of Constantinople, Smyrna, 
and six other places — ordained missionaries, 21 ; female assistant mis- 
sionaries, 25 ; native preachers, 10 ; native helpers, 36 ; communicants, 
351 ; scholars, 451 : among the Jews, at Constantinople and Salonica 
— ordained missionaries, 4 ; female assistant missionaries, 3 ; native 
helpers, 2. In Greece, one ordained missionary and his wife. In Syria, 
at Beirut and four other places — ordained missionaries, 11 ; physician, 
1 ; printer, 1 ; female assistant missionaries, 13 ; native preachers, 4 ; 
native helper, 1 ; communicants, — ; scholars, 554. In Assyria, at 
Mosul and Diarbekir — ordained missionaries, 5 ; female assistant mis- 
sionaries, 5 ; native helpers, 3 ; communicants, 10 ; scholars, 41. 
Among the Nestorians, at Ooroomiah and Gawar — ordained mission- 
aries, 8 ; printer, 1 ; female assistant missionaries, 11 ; native preach- 
ers, 11 ; native helpers, 12 ; communicants, — ; scholars, about 1,200. 

Baptist, Missionary Union : in Greece, at Athens, Corfn, and Pi- 



A GENERAL, VIEW OF PROTESTANT MISSIONS, 



69 



rffius — ordained missionaries, 2 ; female assistant missionaries, 3 ; native 
assistant, 1 ; communicants, 13 ; scholars, 50. 

Episcopal : at Athens — ordained missionary, 1 ; female assistant 
missionaries, 2. 

Episcopal, English Church Missionary Society : at Syra in Greece, 
Smyrna in Asia Minor, Jerusalem and Nazareth — ordained mission- 
aries, 4 ; assistant missionaries, 3 ; native assistants, 8 ; communicants, 
6 ; scholars, 361. London Jews' Society : at Smyrna, Constantinople, 
Jassy, Bucharest, Jerusalem, Jaffa, Safet, and Bagdad— ordained mis- 
sionaries, 9 ; assistants and colporteurs, 17 ; communicants, — ; scho- 
lars, 124. 

Independent, British Jews' Society : at Beirut — ordained mission- 
ary, 1 ; scholars, 30. 

Peesbyteeian, Associate Eeformed : at Damascus, Syria, among the 
Jews — ordained missionaries, 2 ; physician, 1. 

Fkesbytekian, Irish General Assembly : at Damascus, among the 
Jews — ordained missionaries, 2. 

Peesbyteeian, Scotch Free Church : at Constantinople, amoi% the 
Jews — ordained missionaries, 3. 

ASIA— INDL^L AND CEYLON. 

Ameeican Boaed : in Ceylon, South and West India — ordained mis- 
sionaries, 39 ; assistant missionaries, 4 ; female assistant missionaries, 
34 ; native preachers, 4 ; native helpers, 110 ; communicants, 884 ; 
scholars, 6,787. 

Baptist, Missionary Union : in Assam and among the Teloogoos, 
South India — ordained missionaries, 9 ; female assistant missionaries, 
9 ; native assistants, 7. 

Baptist, Free-Will : in Orissa — ordained missionaries, 3 ; native 
assistants, 4 ; communicants, 26 ; scholars, 67. 

Baptist, English General : in Orissa — missionaries, 5 ; assistant 
missionary, 1 ; native preachers, 9 ; communicants, 255. 

Baptist, English : in Bengal and other parts of North India, South 
India, and Ceylon — ^missionaries, 33 ; native preachers, 103 ; native 
communicants, 1,656 ; scholars, 3,492. 

Episcopal, English Church Missionary Society : in north, west, and 



south India and Ceylon — ordained missionaries, 100 — of whom 17 are 
natives and East Indians; male assistant missionaries, 16 ; female assist- 
ant missionaries, 9 ; native helpers— male, 986 ; female, 158 ; commu- 
nicants, 6,182 ; scholars, 34,036. 

Episcopal, English Gospel Propagation Society : in north and 
south India and Ceylon — ordained missionaries, 48 — of whom 6 appear 
by their names to be natives ; " country-born " and native catechists, 
166 ; communicants, 4,629 ; scholars, about 4,000 boys, and 1,500 
girls. 

Geeman Peotestant : Basle Missionary Society in south-western 
India — missionaries, 28 — of whom one is a native ; European assistant 
missionaries, 3; native catechists, 39; communicants, 599; scholars, 
li687 boys, and 363 girls. G-osner's Missionary Society, in north India 
— ^missionaries, 26 ; scholars, 350. Missionary Society at Leipsic, in 
north India — missionaries, 7 ; communicants, 1,580 ; scholars, 874. 

Independent, London Missionary Society : in north, west and south 
India — ordained missionaries, 44 — of whom two are natives ; assistant 
missionaries, 3 ; commanicants, about 1,400 ; scholars, about 9,000. 

Methodist, English Wesleyan: in south India and Ceylon — ^mis- 
sionaries and assistants, 37 ; native catechists, 18 ; communicants, 
2,137 ; scholars, 4,936. 

Peesbyteeian : in the north-west or Upper India — ordained mis- 
sionaries, 24 — two of whom are natives ; female assistant missionaries, 
21 ; native assistants, 25 ; communicants, 260 ; scholars, 2,900. 

Peesbyteeian, Irish General Assembly : in Guzerat, western India 
— ordained missionaries, 5. 

Peesbyteeian, Scotch Free Church : at Calcutta, Madras, Bombay, 
and other places — ordained missionaries, 18 — of whom three are na- 
tives ; native preachers, 4 ; scholars, 7,030. 

Peesbyteeian, Scotch, Established Church : at Calcutta, Bombay, 
and Madras — ordained missionaries, 7 ; female assistant missionaries, 
2 ; native catechist, 1 ; scholars, 2,375. 

ASIA^BURMAH AND SIAM. 

Ameeican Association : in Siam — ordained missionaries, 5 ; female 
assistant missionaries, 5. 



70 



MANUAL OF MISSIONS. 



Baptist, Missionary Union : in Burmah — missionaries, 29 ; female 
assistant missionaries, 31 ; native assistants, 129 ; communicants, about 
7,000 ; scholars, 1,062. In Siam — missionaries, 3 ; female assistant 
missionaries, 4 ; Chinese assistants, 3 ; communicants, 35. 

Pkesbyterian : in Siam — ^missionaries, 2 ; physician and licentiate 
preacher, 1 ;. female assistant missionary, 1. 

ASIA— CHINA. 

American Board : at Canton, Amoy and Puh-Chau — missionaries, 
11 ; licentiate preacher, 1 ; printer, 1 ; female assistant missionaries, 
13 ; native helpers, 4 ; communicants, 21 ; scholars, about 100. 

American Association : Chinese in California — ^missionary, 1. 
. Baptist, Missionary Union : at Hong-Kong and Ningpo — mission- 
aries, 5 ; female assistant missionaries, 3 ; native assistants, 6 ; com- 
municants, 31 ; scholars, 65. 

Baptist, Southern Board : Canton and Shanghai — ^missionaries, 5 ; 
physician, 1 ; female assistant missionaries, 7 ; scholars, 80. 

Episcopal : at Shanghai^ — missionaries, 5 ; assistant missionaries, 
7 ; native catechists, 2 ; communicants, 24 ; scholars, 200. 

Episcopal, English Church Missionary Society : at Fuh-Chau, 
Shanghai, and ^Ningpo — missionaries, 6 ; native helper, 1 ; communi- 
cants, — ; scholars, 62. 

German : Basle Society, at Hong Kong — missionaries, 3 ; native 
catechists, 5 ; communicants, 90. Swedish Society, at Hong Kong — 
missionary, 1. 

Independent, London Missionary Society : at Canton, Hong Kong, 
Amoy and Shanghai— missionaries, 9 ; physicians, 3 ; printer, I ; com- 
municants, 35 ; scholars, 90. 

Methodist, North : at Pah Chau— missionaries, 2 ; female assistant 
missionaries, 2. 

Methodist, South : at Shanghai — ^missionaries, G. 

]Methodist, English Wesleyan : at Canton — missionarieR, 3 ; teach- 
er, 1. 

Presbyterian : at Canton, Shanghai, and Ningpo — missionaries, 
12 ; physicians, 2 ; female assistant missionaries, 13 ; native assistant, 
1 ; communicants, 23 ; scholars, 146. Chinese in California — mission- 



ary, 1 ; female assistant missionary, 1 ; native catechist, 1 ; communi- 
cants, 4. 
Presbyterian, English : at Amoy— missionaries, 2 ; physician, 1. 

ISLANDS— CHINA SEA AND PACIFIC. 

American Board : on two of the Caroline Islands, sometimes called 
Mikronesia — missionaries, 2 ; female assistant missionaries, 2 ; native 
helpers, 2. On the Sandwich Islands, pastors and preachers, 24 ; native 
pastors, 4 ; missionaries supported in part by the Board, 13 ; mission- 
aries supported by the Board, 3 ; male and female assistant missiona- 
ries, 27 ; communicants, 22,236 ; scholars, 11,900. On the Marquesas 
Islands, two native pastors and several assistants, from the Sandwich 
Islands. 

Episcopal, English Church Missionary Society : in New Zealand — 
missionaries, 28 ; male and female assistant missionaries, 10 ; native 
assistants, 440 ; communicants, 7,027 ; scholars, about 14,000. 

Episcopal, English Gospel Propagation Society : in Borneo — 
missiianaries, 3 ; lay assistant missionary, 1. 

German : Rhenish Society, on Borneo — ^missionaries, 5 ; printer, 1 ; 
native catechists, 2 : communicants, 68 ; scholars, 550. Gosner's So- 
ciety, in Java — ^missionaries, 3 ; in Australia — missionaries, 14 ; and 
in New Zealand — ^missionaries, 5. Netherlands' Missionary Society, 
on Amboyna, Celebes, Java, and Samarang — missionaries, 19 ; scho- 
lars, about 10,000. Moravians, in Australia — ^brethren, 2 ; assistant 
brethren, 2. Missionary Society at Bremen : in New Zealand — ^mis- 
sionaries, 5. 

Independent, London Missionary Society : the Georgian, Society, 
Hervey, and Samoan Islands — missionaries, 30 ; printer, 1 ; communi- 
cants, about 3,500 ; scholars, about 5,000. On seven of the "Western 
Polynesian Islands — only Samoan and Earotongan laborers, 18. 

Methodist, English Wesleyan : in the Peejee and Friendly Islands 
— ^missionaries and assistants, 23 ; native catechists, 68 ; communicants, 
9,687 ; scholars, 11,996. In New Zealand — missions to natives and 
colonists, not separately reported. 

Presbyterian Church of Nova Scotia and Scotch Reformed : in 
Aneiteum, New Hebrides — missionaries, 2 ; native assistants, 3. 





1 

A aENERAL VIEW OE PROTESTANT MISSIONS. 




"71 




Congregational — American Baptist, Free-Will, - 


3 




I. 8UMMAET TIEW OF PKOTESTASfT MISSIONS. 








English Baptist, 

" General Baptist, 


43 

7 










S 








oi 






EH 








366 




P 


S 


i 


3 


■B 


EpiscopAii — American, ------ 


19 




MISSION-FIELDS. 


■< 
S 


^ 


g 


a 


% 


English, 


275 








S 


p 


1 


S 






294 




B 


< 


^ 


o 


o 


Methodist — American, North, 

South, - . . - 


32 
20 














American Indians, - - - - 


125 


259 




9,868 


2,477 


English Wesleyan, - - . - 


107 




Spanish American States, - - 


11 


2 




503 


326 


Moravian, 




159 
158 


Guiana and the West Indies, - 


218 


137 


236 


76,072 


16,868 


Presbyterian — Old School, Presbyterian Board, - 
" " American Board, - 


53 
1? 




Africa — North and East, - - 


6 


2 


3 






" " American Christian Union, 


2 




" Western, 


101 


100 


100 


13,196 


12,138 


New School, A merican Board, 
Eeforjned Dutch, " 


41 

7 




" South, ----- 


152 


72 


13 


11,193 


12,480 


German Eeformed, " " 


1 




Asia — ^Western, 


74 


87 


88 


380 


2,811 


Reformed, Presbyterian Board, 
Associate Eeformed, - - - 


3 

2 




" India and Oeylon, - - 


419 


120 


1,636 


19,651 


79,466 


Presbyterian Church, Nova Scotia, 


2 




" Burmah and Siam, - - 


39 


42 


132 


7,035 


1,062 


English, 

French, 


2 
15 




" China, 


72 


58 


19 


237 


798 


German, 


155 




Islands — China Sea and Pacific, 


146 


55 


513 


42,518 


53,446 


Irish, 

Scotch, Free Church, - 


7 
?,7 




Total, - - - - 


1,369 


934 


2,737 


180,653 


181,792 


Established Church, - 


7 






United Secession, 


29 




II. SUMMABT VIEW OF PBOTESTAUT MISSIONARIES. 






365 




Unknown — American Association, etc., - - - 




27 


Congregational— American Board, - - - , - 97 








London Missionary Society, - 130* 


Summary — Congregational, - 366 






American Baptist, North, - 56 


Episcopal, - - 294 






" " South, - 30 


Methodist, - - 159 , 
Moravian, - - 158 
Presbyterian, - - 365 






Note. — In the Eeturns of Societies specifying missionaries and assistants, but not 


distinguishing between them, one-half is here assigned to each. 


Unknown, - - 27 








1,369 






..... . . .- . I 



APPENDIX 



MISSIONAEIl^S AMONG THE INDIAN TEIBES. 



The Barnes of tiie missionaries among the Indian Tribes, in tlie Sketcli of tlie Mis- 
sions, could not l>e given without changing the plan on which that paper was prepared. 
To supply this deficiency the following list has been compiled, which is taken chiefly 
from a valuable series of papers published in the Presbyterian newspaper at Cincinnati. 
In the other missions this information is interwoven with, the narrative : 

Weab :— Eev. "Wells Bnshnell and wife, - - 1883-35. 

Eev. Joseph Kerr and wife, - - 1833-3T. 

Miss Martha Boal, .... 1838-34 

Miss Nancy Henderson, ... 1833-36. 

Mr. Henry Bradley, .... 1834-38. 

Mrs. Bradley, ..... 183T-38. 

Mr. Elihu M. Shepherd, - - - 1834-35. 

Mr. Francis H. Lindsay and wife, - 1835-36. 

Rev. John Fleming, - - . - 188T-38. 

Mr. James Duncan, .... 183T-88. 

lowAS Am) 8ao8 :— Mr. Aurey Ballard and wife, - - 1885-3T. 

Mr. Elihu M.- Shepherd, - - - 1835-36. 

Eev. Samuel M. Irvin and wife, - 1887 

Eev. William Hamilton and wife, - 1837-63 

Mr. Henry Bradley and wife, - - 1838-41. 

Mrs. Eosetta Hardy, ... - 1838-39. 

Mr. Francis Irvin and wife, - - 1841^7 

Eev. Sam n el H. Coon and wife, - - 1845-45. 

Mr. Paul Bloohm, .... 1845-47. 

ftev. Edmund McKlnney and wife, - 1846-47. 

Miss Sarah A. "Waterman, ... 1850 — 

Mrs. Letitia Donaldson, ... 1853 — 

Chippbwas:— Eev. Peter Dougherty, ... 1838 — 
Mrs. Dougherty, .... 1840— 



Eev. John Fleming, . . - 
Mr. Henry Bradley and wife, 
Mr. Henry Eodh, . - . 
Mr. Andrew Porter, - - - 
Mr. James K. Whiteside and wife. 
Miss Ann Porter, ... 
Miss H. L. Cowles, . . - 
Miss W. A. Isbell, 
Mr. Joseph G. Turner and wife, 

Gbishes : — ^Eev. Eobert M. Longhridge, 

Mrs. Longhridge, . - - 
Eev. Edmund MoKinney and wife, 
Eev. John Limber, ... 
Mr John Lilley and wife, - 
Mrs Longhridge, ... 
Eev. Hamilton Balentine, - 
Eev. David W. Eakins, 
Miss Nancy Thompson, 
Miss Nancy Hoyt, ... 
Mr. William S. Eobertson, - 

, Mrs. Eobertson, - - - . 

Eev. J.'Eoss Eamsay and wife, - 
Mr. Joseph B. Junkin and wife. 
Miss Mary Bowen, 
James Junkin. M. D., and wife, - 
Eev. William H. Templeton, 
Miss Hannah M. Green, 
Miss Clara W. Eddy, - 
Miss Catharine M. Workman, - 
Mrs Elizabeth Eeid, - - - 



1841^6. 

1847 — 
1847^- 
1850-52. 
1852 — 
1852 — 
1863 — 
1863 

1841 — 
1843^5. 
1843-43 
lS44r45. 
1846-48. 
1847-50. 
184S-50. 
184S-50 

1848 — 
1849-50. 

1850 

1851 — 
1850-62. 
1850-53. 
1850-82. 
1851-62. 

1851 — 
1851-52. 

1852 — 

1852 

1852 



Died 



Diea 



APPENDIX. 



73 



Miss Elizabeth Stedham, - - - 1852-63. 

Eev. Augustus "W. Loomis and wife, - 1852-53. 

Mrs. Longhridge, . - - - 1853 

Miss Mary Lewis, - - . - 1853 

Miss Keiiah Anderson, - - - 1853 — 

Mr. Alexander M'Ewen, - - - 1853 

Chootaws : — ^Eev. James E-. Kamsey and -vrife, - 1846-49. 

Mr. Oliver P. Stiirk, - - - - 184&-49. 

Mr. Charles H. Gardiner and wife, - 1846-49. 

Mr. Lewis Bissell, .... 1846^9. 

Miss Slizabetli J. Morrison, - - 1S46 

Mr. Joseph McLiire and wife, - - 1846-4T. 

Mr. Joseph 3. Betz and wife, - 1846-52. 

Charles Fishback, M. D., - - - 1848-49. 

Mr. Jonathan Dwight, ... 1848-52. 

Miss Susan Dutcher, .... 1848-51^ 

Eev. Alexander Reid, .... 1849 — 

Mrs. Eeid, - ■ 1850 — 

Eev. Casper E. Gregory and wife, - 1849-50. 

Eev. Alexander J. Graham, - - 1849-50. 

Mr. Josepli 6. Turner, . . - 1&50-52. 

Miss F. K. Thompson, - - . 1850-52. 

Eev. Hamilton Balentine and wife, - 1850-52. 

Rev. John Edwards and wife, - - 1851-53. 

Mr. Truman Judson, .... 1851 

Mr. George Ainslle, .... 1852 — 

Mrs. Ainslle, 1853 

Mr, Eeuben Lo\\Tie, .... 1852-53. 

Mr. E. J. Burtt and wife, ... 1853 — 

Mr. J. Harvey Nourse and wife, - 1853 

Mr. Edward Evans and wife, - - 1853 — 

Omahas ahi) Otoes: — ^Rev. Edmund McKinney and wife, 1846-53. 

Mr. Paul Bloohm, .... 1846-4T. 

Mr. David E. Read, .... 1847-52. 

MissE. Higby, 184T-49. 

Mr. Henry Martin and wife, - - 1850-51. 

Miss Martha Fullerton, ... 1850-52. 

Mr. James C. Dillett and wife, - - 1853 

Miss Mary E. "V^'oods, .... 1852 

Mr. David Jones and wife, ... 1853 — 

Seminoles : — Mr. John Lilley and wife, ... 1848 

Mr. John D. Bemo a/nd wife, - - 1848 — 



Died. 



Died. 



CmoKASAWs :— Mr. James S. Allan and wife, - - 1849 — 

Eev. Andrew M. Watson and wife, - 1852-53. 

Mr. Leander "W. Davies, - - - 1852 

Mr. John McCarter, .... 1852 

Eev. Hamilton Balentine and wife, - 1852 — 

Miss F. K. Thompson, - - - 1852 — 

Miss Hannah M. Green, ... 1852 

Miss Mary Jane Burns, ... 1853- — 

Miss Maria Shellabarger, ... 1853 

Miss Anna M. Turner, ... 1853 

Miss Mary Jane Wilson, ... 1853 — 

Note. — Names printed in Italic denote persons of Indian birth. 



For First Tear to May, 


1833, 


Second " " 


1834, 


Third " " 


«1835, 


Fourth " " 


1836, 


Filth " " 


1837, 



RECEIPTS OF THE BOARD OP FOREIGN" MISSIONS 
OF THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. 



A GENERAL STATEMENT OF EECEIPTS. 



RECEIPTS OP THE WESTERN FOREIGN' MISSIONABY SOCIETY. 



6,431 90 
16,296 46 
17,677 52 
19,123 36 
82,832 54 



45,498 62 

58,779 18 

54,644 65 

67,081 58 

57,908 29 

55,163 66 

63,718 44 

82,872 69 

90,561 15 

93,679 84 

108,586 38 

110,534 40 

126,075 40 

139,084 33 



First Tear to May, 


1838, 


Second " ' " 


1839, 


Third " " 


1840, 


Fourth " " 


1841, 


Fifth " " 


1842, 


Sixth " " 


1843, 


Seventh " " 


1844, 


Eighth " " 


1845, 


Ninth " " 


1846, 


Tenth 


1847, 


Eleventh " " 


1848, 


Twelfth " " 


1849, 


Thirteenth " . " 


1850, 


Fourteenth " " 


1851, 



74: 



MANUAL OF MISSIONS. 



Eeoeipts coNirmTED. 

Fifteenth Tear to May, 1852, 
Sixteenth " " 1853, 



144,922 90 
153,268 88 

$1,534,741 62 



NoTKS. — 1. The preceding flgnres show the aggregaie receipts in each year; that is, 
the amount received from all sources. The sums actually contrihuted hy the churches 
were considerably less. For example, in the aggregate of last year are included $23,240 
from the Indian funds for education ; $8,000 from the Bible and Tract Societies ; $5,754 
from friends In India; $1,800 from the Covenanter Church, and a few smaller sums, so 
that $113,939 was the amount given by the Presbyterian Church. Of this $113,939, the 
sum of $11,402 was received in legacies, leaving $102,537 as the amount given by the 
churches for the year ending on the first of last May. 

2. Tills statement affords ground of much encouragement to the friends of missions. 
They will observe the large increase in the whole amount, and also the gradual and 
steady progress of that increase for the last ten years. A steady advance from year to 
year is the very best condition of the funds of any missionary institution. ISK doubt 
large sums, even tens of thousands of dollars, could be well expended on churches, 
chapels, schools, and other buildings, in making provision for the education of the 
cliildreD, and for the support of the widows of missionaries, or for the general enlarge- 
ment of the work of missions in existing and new fields of labor ; but for the current or 
regular expenses of the missionary work, the main reliance must be on the systematic 
contributions of the congregations. 11 these should faU ofi^ or prove to be irregular, or 
proceed from mere impulse instead of enlightened Christian principle, serious embar- 
rassment will inevitably follow. We thank God for the steady growth of missionary 
feeling in the Church, as indicated by these Eetums. 



8. Yet the fact must not be forgotten, that it is only a very limited and partial 
support which the cause of missions has heretofore received. The Minutes of the 
General Assembly of last year report about 220,000 church members in our com- 
munion ; so that if each and every one had given an equal part of the sum of $103,537, 
the amount to each would have been less than one cent each week! Many who were 
not church members gave their willing offerings to promote this cause. Many, both 
church members and others, gave five dollars, ten dollars, twenty dollars, and upwards, 
to hundreds, and even thousands each. Of course, then, many gave nothing at alL 
Now, who is so poor as not to be able to aid, in some degree, a work like this? Who 
could not spare or earn something ? If only the hearts of all were deeply concerned, or 
if an opportunity were afforded, and a warm invitation addressed to all the churches, by 
their office-bearers, there could be no doubt as to what would be the result But 
while so many do not practically recognize the duty of giving money to support this 
cause, those who do will endeavor to supply their lack of service; and God will, as 
we believe, graciously incline more and more of His people to engage in this work, 
until eventually we shall be in practice as in profession a missionary body, marked by 
the piety of the primitive Christians. This is our hope. 

4 A million and a half of dollars seems to be a large sum of money for one object. Tes, 
hut it is the aggregate of twenty-one years' donations for the conversion of the world, 
and we spend in each year more than that sum on single articles of luxury. Far more 
is spent each year by our countrymen on brandy, or on cigars. Besides, who can 
estimate the worth of many souls already saved ? Who can count the value of the seed 
sown in many lands? Who can compute the blesssedness of hearing the Saviour say 
in the great day, "Well done, good and faithful servant?" —Foreign, Missionary, 
JoMuary, 1854 



^^.O'OQ 



iC''^ 



.LfBRARY OF CONGRESS 



021 231 341 5 



